S

From the sixteenth through most of the nineteenth centuries, some 12 to 15 million human beings were forcibly taken from their homes in West Africa and transported to the Caribbean and the Americas to work on plantations. From the ninth through the early twentieth centuries, Muslim slave traders took almost as many East Africans to parts of the Middle East, where they worked on clove plantations or as pearl divers, served in the army, or were used as sex slaves.

African history and culture studies · Colonialism, slavery, and trade · Global Maritime and Colonial Histories · Psychology