The fast and the studious? Ramadan observance and student performance

Bibliographic Data

ID24215136
AuthorsKyra Hanemaaijer, Olivier Marie (0000-0003-4097-7433), Marco Musumeci
Year2026
Volume39
Issue4
Publication date2026-12-01
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Population Economics (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0933-1433 • E-ISSN: 1432-1475
PublisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1007/s00148-026-01204-9
OpenAlexW7220652787
LanguageEN
References cited24

We examine how religious observance affects educational performance by studying the years in which Ramadan overlapped with the national end-of-secondary-school exams in the Netherlands. Using administrative microdata and a difference-in-differences design, we find that students who are most likely to fast obtain lower exam scores and are more likely to fail to graduate. As expected given the structure of the Dutch exam system, the increase in failure risk is concentrated among students near the pass threshold. Effects are larger in more religiously segregated schools. For longer-term outcomes, we document a substantially higher likelihood of dropping out among students aged 18 and older, who are legally permitted to leave school and therefore at risk of doing so. Finally, analyses of exam timing suggest that modest adjustments—such as avoiding scheduling two exams on the same day during Ramadan—may help reduce the disadvantages experienced by observant students.

Educational Outcomes and Influences · Religious Education and Schools · School Choice and Performance

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