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This chapter examines the political economy of pre-Columbian landscape transformations in central Amazonia. Neves and Petersen argue against the prevailing ecological narrative of indigenous populations living in harmony with nature, demonstrating how pre-Columbian societies actively shaped and managed their environment for economic and political gain. They focus on the region surrounding the lower Rio Negro in Brazil, drawing on archaeological and paleoecological data to reveal extensive landscape modifications, including the construction of raised fields, fish weirs, and large settlements. These interventions, they argue, reflect complex social hierarchies and political strategies aimed at controlling resources and consolidating power. The chapter challenges simplistic notions of pristine Amazonian landscapes and highlights the significant impact of indigenous populations on the environment prior to European contact.

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