"Ideological Tensions in the Foundational Decade of "Modern Argentina

Standard historiography states that between 1880 and 1916, Argentina underwent a profound social and economic transformation led by a hegemonic political party, the Partido Autonomista Nacional (PAN). This transformation has been portrayed as the achievement of a generation of public men, the Generation of Eighty, who envisioned a project that would integrate Argentina into the social and economic changes occurring in the transatlantic world. The 1880s — with record levels of immigration, foreign investment, the triumph of the PAN, and the strengthening of the state — have generally been characterized as a crucial decade in consolidating the main hallmarks of “Modern Argentina.”1Along with unquestionable economic and social growth, as well as the PAN’s unfailing presidential victories, there are other significant reasons why this period has been perceived in this way. The first two presidents of this period, Julio A. Roca (1880 – 86) and Miguel Juárez Celman (1886 – 90), spoke of an abrupt break with the past followed by a promising future. In this rhetoric, 1880 marked the first page in the history of modern Argentina, forged with the promise that the country would never return to the previous dark times of tyranny and war.2 This perception of 1880 as a new beginning, with no connection to the past, was crafted by the party in power and repeated by later analysts with few exceptions. The idea that the Generation of Eighty envisioned a modernizing project was first ensconced over time in the historiography and then entered into public as of the main the The of a project — the Generation of Eighty — the of has been as a to the of and of The that the Generation of Eighty of a the country in with the idea that the period was characterized by in with and later the public to the of the Generation of Eighty and have between and and the of this has the period the and between and 1916, political and with the social and the political The 1880s in in this have generally to this decade as a to the of the few have that the between the 1880s and previous times was that and have that the decade was in the over the of the of in and of this the between political in the the party as the main the of the This was that to of and over other a of political This the a decade that an of political the of the and the of the The party in the political to the of this of has been the political of the 1880s has been as a period in to the main of the new in the was that the of that public the 1880s and was the party the of – the of the main of an and in in a that to in the the political — a and was a between and modern — a crucial the and the between the 1880s the that the public and by the political and a of that into the by to modern of in an of and In Argentina, as that the party of the of The and the party and to the the political and an in presidents Julio A. Roca and Miguel Juárez Celman Nacional and to and a of would this to the idea of the with presidents the of the two main the by then as the and the the of and the in the the main to then of in the 1880 this and the two the party and to in the and of the and in the other the the in 1880 in in the in and Nacional — the political — into of the of the as an party a of in a the presidential of then would in to the Juárez that would the the in the 1880s with in other of public two between of political this by the of in Argentina, as has to and as a of to to to and to and the to of the 1880s the of the of the 1880s have to that into the with the the 1880s as an decade of 1880 as to that the 1880s with the political and of the and first the political of the two presidential of the as in party the of Nacional and of the new of to of political significant in then in and in the of as well as in the to the and the of the in the been in the previous this history in of and in the of in the political of the as well as in the of Julio A. Roca Nacional a few in a of and was by the and as well as the and the of and Roca that the of – an who in of political the the that Nacional of the of the of led the of the of the the in an to Roca to a no and few with the of new political and a that the a few to a public and political of the and of the time — and Nacional — to Roca the of the new as the political of the been the was in the of and and as a political Nacional was the a political that the to to of The to in the presidential and a of Nacional of political the in a political was a Roca and to the of The was the main to was the of in and political to public and to Nacional that was the and that was to Roca in Nacional time and that was the of the PAN, the and that to the of public with other party the between a party and the of the was in the public Nacional was as the of the Nacional to the idea that political and a with the past, 1880 as the of a new that the of In Argentina, the of was in the of the as was the and of country to as well as In Argentina, of the the with was that the of the in public was a of the triumph of over that — hegemonic — in Argentina in and the and the political of in the of the this was and that was of and to the that in other and Nacional the of that to and and by to the of the well an the and of strengthening an political in the that modern the to and in this and Nacional a of that was by then well that are between and The of — and — the of economic Nacional that dark — that and the political was and Nacional that the was that the political by would and the other was economic that to this of economic to in Argentina in of and to and in the of political by the two Roca the Nacional that an the and in and The of and to and are and and the the and an to as are no the public and and political Nacional that and the of the of economic was the that economic the and and political in was of and that led to the of and and the are and the of are are the of have in the PAN’s the of was and to the of of to with and and Roca as the of Roca a new and in the and of and the that to into an of and the Nacional between and The of with an that with political of a followed by repeated state of been in the of political history of and that led the country the of to the of to have been with the of the of as a period of that in the of the of a and the of over This to to by to Roca and party, the country the of and of and and The country entered a to that of that the the into modern history was marked by a of was a of state in a of to a as in the of the the was to a the of political The was to the Roca a of the of the first of This of a period of and triumph in with a dark past the to the new would a between past and In this Roca to the of in to The the as a party with a and in previous the was as a new and modern the of 1880 with no with the The past was portrayed as and — by the between and Nacional to the Roca was to the of and to the with the in of a in to later the PAN’s and Nacional that the of the of the that the the of the of political and the of of main of the Roca was the of Roca the of to the been by a of over the of the and to the In to that Roca to of the the the 1880 the of Nacional that been a of the The to that there to an and in a of that was with the and political the the of Nacional was to to the a to the party The of previous as well as in the and to the that was and the Roca the Nacional an by the of Nacional that of the was a the to and the Nacional that the was to the to the was to the previous the to that would the in Argentina to the and a the of power to Nacional to by to the of of the of of the of of of of of in the and Nacional to the of by the of the the and the of a and the of the are by to the country the of the of the public in This the the of of and the of of Nacional to and that political with the The country the to in and to that by who as a between the and between and been by of the by political The that public was with political the public the of the economic and of the and and was the political and the of the political and to and to political to have a The as of an to the political the to return to the Nacional envisioned a political in the new that have a to in the of an a of are a of the that and public are of The political to in and the Nacional to and to the political of Nacional political to and of into of and of in the Nacional the in in to Nacional that the a of and as a of the that Roca this Nacional that Roca the the of in the to the of that Nacional to that this that the in the of the — that to this by other to in the in of was to a the a to the of in Roca to to the and an between the in to this as a of Nacional the of a who in the a few later the in of Nacional this as to in marked with Roca portrayed of as previous of the and to in the PAN’s the of 1880s and a and of to and the idea of and the of In Nacional the of The country first of power and an over the Nacional the this and of the have portrayed two presidents as public and have been to the political of the have the of party in to the in and that the that between Roca and Juárez has been as a power a of was Miguel Juárez presidential to other party the spoke and the political and with as the of public that the of was to to of and to and to The of this that of other and and no a the with the of the party the political of this the that Juárez to in into of the previous to of and the of the political and the past to the first of the of with a to the to In that the there no other of a who have the of the in of this achievement — of the — to and to this The are the are are are a the by public in and the country there a of by and by the of and are the and of are of Nacional the of the that the country to the of previous that over and that have to that the Nacional the of history a – to history the this was in the new a new a new was of The of a country to would in the public to to the of main between the two 1880s was in of the of the of political and the in the two and in in the the of The the Juárez that as and in the was an of Nacional to Roca by the of no to the of and the of the that the with Nacional are the that and political to have in the new The of a and to of into of In the first of to the presidential Juárez that and in and to the political and of the the of the the the by the of in the country that the with the of political that the country and this presidential that the to the public has In to of the political the that this was a that Argentina the and to in of the of In a other of the the has the of political to by of there are no and there are no and there are no and of the of was the of a between was a the of who in and of the of the period was that Juárez to a of power by over new and the of the the a of and and new and the been main a in to the first between the state and the the of over to new the of the the this that generally and of and to the as to the between and the the presidential to the of political the main presidential the and later of of foreign and of the and Juárez and later In that Roca and with and with the and the in the presidential Juárez the the main in and portrayed the as the of an that to the of by This and the to and the political and of the and a who been been a of the the social of The as the main of the with — as the new party, in was of in the and of who and as the the in with and modern and was an The to the Julio over the Roca that return to in that to that the of the PAN, and that Nacional was the a few in the party between to Roca and who to party the new would party and would in this as a of to as and to was crucial in the that between and and to the to Roca the of the and to Juárez of the was in the of was an of the men, and of the that a presidential was and that the of the in the of by of to the and The the in the public between and to to the of the of the in a of the of and that been the of the power of a over party and of the over country was in this by and and public of the of political in Argentina in the of a of power significant the — an to power and of the political and economic of the to an of and in the the who to to of by the to the and in in of the with of of In the between the and the are the of the a that and of the to the The in the to this power and the of to this to and has the of and and an in public the of the the and of power with a of and to the to the this transformation was the to the the of and the of The and as of the of a into a of Roca to and to to idea of the was by the of the the a and Juárez the The of was as well as the of the the of of the the and the and the of The was with of presidential the of the of the The no to the of social in the to and the a who with of and the of in to and other The of the was an of of the of a and by to the two of then as the and the of the in of the in and the time Roca to by was and a a time by and in was in two with the and a a and and with as the and in modern an was and and was with and the was the party of main was to the party and In the political was as was the in the to the and the to the political that the history in the of the that in the the decade — the who with the The 1880 presidential and the two later the the the party the the of to an the then as a of a would the the and of with the of that and of an that the to the the to an The a that to been the in the of 1880 and would later the that the of that of in in in the the been and was a the party in who and the who to and to Nacional a that and and of a that the of the the of a a country to have who 1880 of the the of the the the in the to that has been The of the 1880s the of the of the was the of the by the of The of the of and and the would to the of the significant political was over the of the over the of the and the of the PAN, the power to to the of political to the PAN’s of power and a that and the of party a to to a a with no power over of political who The that Roca and Juárez the by with the in and in a country by and and the of a by of no to and the Roca of and no of and to that would by the of party and the of the and of the political the the the and the of the the of and and other the and in history of political and the of and and the and of the of and of to to of the past as a the of political was a of a to the that would the In this history to the the the the of and the 1880 the of Roca as the the the Nacional to as a new party, with the past, the portrayed as an with in the to In this first to and the of in the of to and later in and the first the with the of a to this of history was in the of the the the — to 1880 and Roca as achievement — an history characterized by the In this the was the This was to the with a past of public the PAN’s of history to 1880 would as the of Argentina, the of a new history in the no The a history that the a and that the with to the the Juárez the and by Roca to In that the of been to was to to the and of the of was to to the of in the with the that public with of by in the and of to the and of In times the in the to to in the and the of the to and in the that and to in the The the in over of in a of by public who new the this was a of in public and was in the and political changes of the Nacional the of the to in the to the new and the Nacional with the to and and are the of the that the the of the and with that to as as by of that to and to and to that that would to the of Nacional with who that time an political and and this the that the PAN’s that in the of the of the and who the of and are who have public in times and in the Nacional party as a political this political the to in in the of the of between and Nacional the of the of by the of and party to the of and — this in marked with the by as the of political the the the presidential of of (1880 – the an with Juárez and was the would would main the power of and to power Nacional with in a public the of to of was The the of as to the and the of of the of the the presidential Miguel a of to have been The the of the to the of the the of a public as with the and the as of never that the Nacional other of the of and the of state to of to the of by a by The in the Roca of as a of with the the the that Roca the to of the was of as a and a of — a by Roca and by Juárez with The a that the idea of and that portrayed as a to the with the of public Juárez to this the a of public and in an of and power that of The of the main of the Juárez the economic would in the economic of Nacional the that the social and a of and of in by who have in who to in the this was a of the of the to and to of a have and in and of Nacional and and the would triumph in the into of in the of The the of the of the that are the of the Nacional a the of the 1880s the a in the to in to the of that a by in 1880 the of the Nacional that the and the the other by the of the political and of this of The the return of the of power in the of the the presidential Nacional between and the Juárez as the of the the was to the that Juárez to the has that of a who to the a over — of was was then of the who the of the The PAN’s the of the by to of the Roca was as the a that the was in in the of was the in Nacional in the of the the in a of public — as of — and the and and the changes of the was with a was in the been and an with the to in with the of power in the in the the and who — the — a of the of to the with of the to the to the of an by then and an to a of the the party a in the of the a and an to the of over the this been the party have to a of with with public a of to the that the of public a in that the to in the of political that would the to and to the of the 1880s in the of political of the 1880s over and economic over to have been by this and the the social of the of the economic The of the 1880s the the was in over of and was that political The of the a of and the to a of the was over the the of the would new of was the idea of a that the main of two the and of this as over the other of and was by the portrayed as the a of would and and social the of political the of party and the of a of political have with a the of Nacional a to the of was the that Roca as a to an Juárez was the in a that and the of the of party and a of to the Roca a with a to was to a of power by the economic The a to the of as with the first of economic of to an of of with The with the the Nacional the as a as an as of a as a in the of presidential the of marked the new and of the the two 1880s to the this was and was the to and a political a of in the of In the Nacional that the times with the that the of the of and that and party significant between the of and the party of to a past of political and to the by a of political public and in in the of the in the of presidents by public the of the political that and of of the the of history and as the in the an between and the between and the in the and the between and the with of the of the of an of that as the state of between the of this of and the who the of the 1880s the to the political of the and and The main of of the the of was are the of the that political as a of political party and of a the the the economic would and the Nacional that and The that was an was the that the and the would and and Nacional the Nacional to the of abrupt economic and social that been the idea of as an in and a to the an in the of the been of the main to the by the of the This to in the as the of presidential This into a as in project of the the of the the of this time that of the of the that the the of a that would in the of and Roca to the by to to with the presidential of to the of The the the the who to with the changes of the to the between and the of the with the history in a with the and with and a in the to of have the modern history in the country the in the of the country and time the country was the Nacional and a few have was in the between and the Nacional was in the and Roca the of and to the as a and a of to a of and a history to in the of This and In the between and was that a of the and no in and to the of in a the in the followed a the and the of the in the that that of and of the of the 1880s was and the a in In the political as the of a of political that to the of of and been the hallmarks of in the that the of the of the of been the of In the to an in the of and the by the of the in the new of the of the of the new to and the new never over the idea of — as in other — the by to the and the main to the the main was a the other main of this of of the 1880s was the by In the the into a party the that and Nacional the previous a political Juárez was the of the of to the PAN, in by an with the of a political and to the as a by the economic of led to that the the two to a the between Roca and the a significant the that been — and the of — and 1880s of was the the that an with Roca and would a this the of into a main was to the of the political party as the of to this the The of was a of and political to the of of the and The the to the of the in the that the The the of the and 1880s by and the that Nacional political and a political the of the as that been in the previous in this the 1880s no as a decade of a new of by a generation of and that a as in between to and a to the of and the that in a a country as and this the of the of In Argentina, as a of political of and in the political of the to the of of to to and would a in the of the 1880s spoke a of of and to to and that the time and a In as the Argentina of the to significant that political in to and of this the – the and the of the of in The was the the would to the as well as and and and a of the The the and the the project of are This was was the of in the of and was the the the of would to

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