Conformed to Gender Conformity? Gender Nonconformity Stigma is Buffered by Personal Contact
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 2931892 |
|---|---|
| Authors | D Rodrigues (0000-0001-5921-7819, Iscte – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2025 |
| Volume | 42 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 392-420 |
| Publication date | 2025-02-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0265-4075 • E-ISSN: 1460-3608 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/02654075241298311 |
| OpenAlex | W4404051390 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 3 |
| References cited | 69 |
Research has shown that individuals from sexual and gender minorities are more likely to be stigmatized. Taking the perceiver's perspective, we conducted two experimental studies to examine gender nonconformity stigma and the conditions under which such stigma is more (or less) likely to emerge. In both studies, participants were asked to read descriptions of targets varying in gender (non)conformity and assigned sex (Study 1; N = 337) or sexual identity (Study 2; N = 406). Results from both studies showed that participants preferred more social distance from gender nonconforming (vs. conforming) targets, tended to dehumanize them (i.e., attributed them more primary and less secondary emotions), and reported less anti-violence behavioral intentions and justifications. In both studies, results further showed that having more frequent and positive personal contact with gender nonconforming individuals helps buffer against gender nonconformity bias. Unexpectedly, results from Study 2 showed that humanizing gender nonconforming targets (rather than dehumanizing them) was associated with more violence predispositions for participants who reported having more negative personal contact with gender nonconforming individuals. No differences were found according to the targets' assigned sex or sexual identity. Taken together, our findings highlight the need to understand the causes and boundaries of gender nonconformity bias
Conformity · Developmental psychology · Nonconformity · Psychiatry · Stigma (botany · Clinical Psychology · Gender Diversity and Inequality · Gender Politics and Representation · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Psychology · Social Psychology
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Dehumanization
Social Stigma and its Consequences for the Socially Stigmatized
Gender Nonconformity as a Target of Prejudice, Discrimination, and Violence Against LGB Individuals
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Humanness and Dehumanization
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Changing beliefs about gender
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Perceptions of Gender Norm Violations Among Middle School Students
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Spanish Adolescents’ Attitudes toward Transpeople
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The dynamic relationship between contact opportunities, positive and negative intergroup contact, and prejudice
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Conformed to Gender Conformity? Gender Nonconformity Stigma is Buffered by Personal Contact
The Fragile Male
| Unique citing works | 3 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3 |
| Citation span | 2025 - 2026 (2) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 3 |