Animal Enjoinments and the Social Control of Animal Offenders
Geographic Hot-Cold Spot Evidence of Racial and Income Bias in the Enforcement of Animal Protection Regulations
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 2997697 |
|---|---|
| Authors | M Lynch (0000-0003-4012-5871), Leo J Genco (0000-0002-0291-2287) |
| Year | 2025 |
| Volume | 15 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 356-381 |
| Publication date | 2025-07-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Race and Justice (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 2153-3687 • E-ISSN: 2153-3687 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/21533687241230124 |
| OpenAlex | W4392560035 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 2 |
| References cited | 61 |
A large body of research examining crimes against animals exists. An overlooked question in that literature is whether animal social control responses contain race, class and ethnicity processing biases against offenders similar to those found in criminal justice outcomes. Addressing that possibility, the current study examined the geographic distribution of civil animal enjoinments employed to suspend an individual's pet ownership rights. SaTScan (c) was employed to identify census-tract level hot/cold spots for animal enjoinments. The analysis indicated that hot/cold spots were statistically associated with census-tract race, ethnicity and income characteristics. Thus, while enjoinments may protect some animals from harm, the enjoinment process itself contains evidence of discrimination, suggesting that enjoinments may reflect perceptions of social disorganization rather than the actual distribution of animal crimes. Plain Language Summary Title An assessment of racial, class and ethnic bias in the civil enforcement of animal protection regulations
Criminology · Enforcement · Law enforcement · Political science · Social control · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Law · Psychology · Regulation and Compliance Studies · Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
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| Unique citing works | 2 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2 |
| Citation span | 2025 - 2025 (1) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 2 |