Pathways to external citizenship
The Global Extension of Dual Citizenship and Voting From Abroad
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 3608741 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Sebastián Umpierrez De Reguero (0000-0002-5464-0690, Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana), Maarten Vink (0000-0001-7143-4859, European University Institute, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2025 |
| Volume | 51 |
| Issue | 20 |
| Pages | 1-25 |
| Publication date | 2025-09-05 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | New Community (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0047-9586 • E-ISSN: 1469-9451 |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/1369183x.2025.2550124 |
| OpenAlex | W4414037487 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 4 |
| References cited | 94 |
The extension of dual citizenship and external voting rights over the past decades has been widely observed. Both trends contribute to the phenomenon of external citizenship, where citizens residing abroad hold rights to political participation irrespective of other transnational ties. Yet these trends have been studied in a disconnected manner. This is remarkable as the exercise of external voting requires nationals abroad to keep a legal link with the home country, while dual citizenship acceptance is high on the agenda of politically mobilised emigrant communities. In this paper, we make two original contributions. First, applying sequence analysis to a dataset covering 194 countries over 61 years (N = 10,310), we identify five dominant pathways in extending rights to dual citizenship and external voting: (1) norm setters, (2) dual citizenship only, (3) external voting only, (4) latecomers, and (5) norm resisters. Second, we analyse the correlates of these pathways with a focus on the predominant political regime type. Democratic regimes are not more prone to be norm setters that adopt both forms of rights extension but are less likely to be norm resisters that do not adopt either. Partial norm extenders and latecomers are not significantly associated with a particular regime experience
Citizenship · Linguistics · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Voting · Computer Science · Diaspora, migration, transnational identity · Gender Studies · Hong Kong and Taiwan Politics · Law · Migration, Refugees, and Integration
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The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy
Human Geopolitics
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Transnational Citizenship
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Nations Unbound
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Emigrant external voting in Central-Eastern Europe after EU enlargement
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Activists beyond borders
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Should We Go Abroad? The Strategic Entry of Ecuadorian Political Parties in Overseas Electoral Districts
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Enacted but neither regulated nor applied
Missing links in migrant enfranchisement studies
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Optimal Matching Methods for Historical Sequences
Emigrant Inclusion in Home Country Elections
New Developments in Sequence Analysis
Sequence Analysis
Citizenship Beyond Borders
| Unique citing works | 4 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4 |
| Citation span | 2025 - 2025 (1) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 4 |