Lamaism in Kalmykia (From Buddhism)

Lamaism in Kalmykia is a regional form of Buddhism that evolved in the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries. The spread of Buddhism among the Kalmyks took place in two waves: the first—in the thirteenth century, most likely in the form of the teaching of the Sakyapa school, the seconds—at the end of the sixteenth—beginning of the eighteenth century—in the form of the Gelugpa school. The main stages of the history of Lamaism in Kalmykia coincide with the stages of the ethnic and political history of Kalmykia. The seventeenth century was characterized by: the spread of Lamaism, which contributes to the formation of the Kalmyk ethnos; the strengthening of the feudal social order; the evolution of the Kalmyk Khanate, which subjected itself to the Russian tsar; the establishment of an ecclesiastical organization, and the struggle with shamanism. In the eighteenth century (until 1771), the zenith of the Kalmyk Khanate and its ties with its ideological patron, Tibet, was reached. However, in the 1740s, these ties began to weaken and the Kalmyk Lamaist church began to resolve its internal matters on its own. In 1771, the greater part of the people, under the leadership of Ubashi-Khan, migrated from Russia back to Dzhungaria—the Kalmyk Khanate was liquidated and a new system for governing the people and the church was created, enshrined in legislative acts. The legal status of the Kalmyk Lamaist church varied depending on the period: during the Kalmyk Khanate, subsequently when Kalmykia entered into the Russian state and had rights as an administrative unit, and, finally, in Soviet times. Lamaism in Kalmykia was governed in its organizational activities by the following legal acts: the "Great Constitution" [Velikoe Ulozhenie] of 1640, the "Statute with Respect to the Governing of the Kalmyk People" of 1834 and 1847, and the "Statute on the Governing of the Spiritual Affairs of Believing Kalmyks-Buddhists in the Kalmyk Oblast" of 1923

Ancient history · Archaeology · Buddhism · Feudalism · Ideology · Monasticism · Political science · Politics · Shamanism · Central Asia Education and Culture · Cultural, Linguistic, Economic Studies · History · Law · Philosophy · Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends · Religious studies

• Si̇bi̇rya Türkleri̇nde Lamai̇zm-Burkani̇zm Ve Sudur Ki̇taplarinin Kökeni̇ Üzeri̇ne Bi̇r Araştirma

  Open Access•İrfan POLAT•Motif Akademi Halk Bilimi Dergisi•2020

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