Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism

Bibliographic Data

ID3917855
AuthorsJames A Piazza (0000-0002-6557-0894, Department of Political Science, The Pennsylvania State University, corresponding author)
Year2011
Volume48
Issue3
Pages339-353
Publication date2011-05-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Peace Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-3433 • E-ISSN: 1460-3578
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0022343310397404
OpenAlexW2168649676
LanguageEN
Citations received154
References cited60

Recognizing that the empirical literature of the past several years has produced an inconclusive picture, this study revisits the relationship between poverty and terrorism and suggests a new factor to explain patterns of domestic terrorism: minority economic discrimination. Central to this study is the argument that because terrorism is not a mass phenomenon but rather is undertaken by politically marginal actors with often narrow constituencies, the economic status of subnational groups is a crucial potential predictor of attacks. Using data from the Minorities at Risk project, I determine that countries featuring minority group economic discrimination are significantly more likely to experience domestic terrorist attacks, whereas countries lacking minority groups or whose minorities do not face discrimination are significantly less likely to experience terrorism. I also find minority economic discrimination to be a strong and substantive predictor of domestic terrorism vis-à-vis the general level of economic development. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings for scholarship on terrorism and for counter-terrorism policy

Argument (complex analysis) · Criminology · Development economics · Domestic terrorism · Economics · Ethnic group · Face (sociological concept) · Minority group · Political economy · Political science · Poverty · Relative deprivation · Scholarship · Social science · Socioeconomic status · Sociology · Terrorism · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance · Demography · Law · Medicine · Political Conflict and Governance · Psychology · Social Psychology · Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence

  • A Comparative Analysis of the Data on Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq

    Open Access•Lorne L Dawson, Lorne Dawson•Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism…•2021

  • Network Analysis of the Association between Minority Stress and Activism in LGB People from Poland

    Open Access•Aleksandra Krok, Zofia Kardasz et al.•European Journal of Investigation…•2024

  • Political Violence and the Mediating Role of Violent Extremist Propensities

    Open Access•Nele Schils, Lieven Pauwels•Journal of Strategic Security•2016

  • Authoritarian regimes against terrorism

    Elena Pokalova•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2013

  • Quantitative Analysis of Factors of Terrorist Activities

    Open Access•Elijah Sumernikov, Andrey Ufimtsev et al.•Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie /…•2024

  • Domestic Terrorism and Democratic Regime Types

    Matt Qvortrup, Arend Lijphart•Civil Wars•2013

  • Forecasting Civil Conflict with Zero-Inflated Count Models

    Benjamin E Bagozzi•Civil Wars•2015

  • Silver Lining? The Effects of Epidemics on Terrorist Groups

    Nazli Avdan, James A Piazza et al.•Terrorism and Political Violence•2023

  • Challenging the State

    Saran Ghatak, Sambuddha Ghatak•International Interactions•2015

  • (In)security and Immigration to Depopulating Rural Areas in Southern and Southeastern Europe

    Jovana Mastilovic, Marco Zoppi•Southeastern Europe•2021

  • Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe

    Open Access•Davide Dell'Isola•Italian Political Science…•2022

  • Regime Type and Terrorist Attacks

    Open Access•Kara Kingma, Bryan Cramer et al.•Emerging Trends in the Social and…•2015

  • Radicalization in Theory and Practice

    Open Access•Thierry Balzacq, Elyamine Settoul•Radicalization in Theory and…•2022

  • The Historical Roots of Political Violence

    Open Access•Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca•Historical Roots of Political…•2019

  • What We Have Learned about Terrorism since 9/11

    Khusrav Gaibulloev, Tod Sandler et al.•Journal of Economic Literature•2019

  • The Making of Violent Extremists

    Open Access•Arie W Kruglanski, Arie Kruglanski et al.•Review of General Psychology•2018

  • Terrorismo y política

    Open Access•Tanya Marie Lopez, Teresa Mata López•Revista de Estudios Políticos•2019

  • Economic Crises and Terrorism

    Open Access•Mariya Y Omelicheva, Mariya Omelicheva et al.•Journal of Global Security Studies•2020

  • Economic Causes of Female Suicide Terrorism

    Open Access•Seung-Whan Choi•Journal of Global Security Studies•2019

  • Fifty Shades of Deprivation

    Open Access•Steffen Hertog, Adrian Arellano et al.•International Studies Review•2024

  • Marked Targets

    Colton Heffington•Journal of Global Security Studies•2017

  • Terrorists as Rebels

    Open Access•Saran Ghatak, Süveyda Karakaya•Foreign Policy Analysis•2020

  • Why Resist? The Sources of Violent and Nonviolent Political Action

    Ross James Gildea•International Studies Review•2017

  • Investigating Community Resilience Against Violent Extremism Through Lived Experiences of Community Members in Swat-Pakistan

    Open Access•Muhammad Idris, Said Saeed•Humanities & Social Sciences…•2021

  • Fifty years of scholarly research on terrorism

    Open Access•Milad Haghani, Erica D Kuligowski et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2022

  • Politico-ideological violence

    Open Access•Ahmed Ajil, S A Payne et al.•European Journal of Criminology•2022

  • New insights into the impact of global security on economic growth

    Open Access•Amal Jmaii, Noomene Zaafouri•International Journal of Social…•2024

  • Local Business, Local Peace? Intergroup and Economic Dynamics

    Open Access•Jay Joseph, John E Katsos et al.•Journal of Business Ethics•2021

  • The Making of a Radical

    Open Access•Marta Miklikowska, Katarzyna Jaśko et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2023

  • Does context matter? European-specific risk factors for radicalization

    Open Access•Michael Wolfowicz, David Weisburd et al.•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2021

  • Micro and macro-level risk factors for extremism and terrorism

    G Lafree, Anina Schwarzenbach•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2021

  • Boko Haram and Niger Delta Avengers

    Open Access•James Ojochenemi David•Frontiers in Political Science•2025

  • From indicators to insight

    Open Access•Paula Andrea Nieto-Alemán, María Arnal-Pastor et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2026

  • Pathways of radicalization

    Joshua Regan•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2022

  • Pressure to prove

    Ari D Fodeman, Daniel W Snook et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2020

  • Theory of the rise of al-Qaeda

    Yaqub Ibrahimi•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2017

  • Fighting terrorism in Africa when existing terrorism levels matter

    Simplice Anutechia Asongu, Vanessa S Tchamyou et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2019

  • The effects of social media on domestic terrorism

    Lance Y Hunter, G Biglaiser et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2023

  • Anti-Muslim discrimination and support for violent extremism

    Open Access•Sadi Shanaah•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2021

  • A comparative analysis of Canadian and Swedish foreign fighters

    Lorne L Dawson, A Rostami et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2024

  • Climate change in the Horn of Africa

    Joshua Regan, Sean K Young•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2022

  • The impact of Boko Haram threat on economic activities in Cameroon

    Maxwell Peprah Opoku, Bernard Nsaidzedze Sakah et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2016

  • Evaluations of countering violent extremism programs

    Open Access•Wesam Charkawi, Kevin M Dunn et al.•International journal of law,…•2024

  • Rawls’s duty of assistance and relative deprivation

    Open Access•Jan Niklas Rolf•Journal of International…•2018

  • Lived realities and local meaning-making in defining violent extremism in Kenya

    F A Badurdeen, Sahla Aroussi et al.•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2022

  • The radicalization of the Kanes

    Jennifer Varriale Carson, Patrick James et al.•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2019

  • Delegating repression

    Harrison Akins•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2020

  • Assassination as a terrorist tactic

    Marissa Mandala•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2017

  • Hunting for Gray Rhinos and terrorism in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia

    L A Kuznar, Jeffrey R Day•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2021

  • Lowest of the low

    Susan Fahey, Victor Asal•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2019

  • Understanding (non)involvement in terrorist violence

    Open Access•Bart Schuurman, Sarah L Carthy•Criminology & Public Policy•2023

  • Counter‐terrorism policies in the Middle East

    Open Access•Nancy A Morris, G Lafree et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2020

  • Good Intra-EU Mobility or Bad Migration? Perceived Discrimination of the European Movers Amidst Recurring Crises

    Open Access•Monica Ferrín•Journal of International…•2025

  • Is Standing for Women a Stand Against Terrorism? Exploring the Connection Between Women's Rights and Terrorism

    Cameron Harris, Cameron Milton Harris et al.•Journal of Human Rights•2015

  • A BIT of help? The divergent effect of bilateral investment treaties on women’s rights

    Bimal Adhikari, Jeffrey C King et al.•Journal of Human Rights•2022

  • Social Media and the Dynamics of Radicalization and Violent Extremism among Female Migrant Workers

    Open Access•Dina Mansour‐ille•Studies in Ethnicity and…•2019

  • Towards a theory of diaspora formation through conflict deterritorialization

    Open Access•Élise Féron, Voytiv•Studies in Ethnicity and…•2021

  • Domestic terrorism and leader survival, 1970–2014

    Open Access•Johann Park, Chungshik Moon•Japanese Journal of Political…•2022

  • Terrorist campaigns and the growth of the Muslim population

    Open Access•Clara Egger, Raul Magni-Berton•Japanese Journal of Political…•2021

  • Domestic terrorism in the developing world

    Open Access•Nisha Bellinger, Kyle Kattelman et al.•Journal of International…•2020

  • An Opportunity Structure for Terrorism

    Brandon M Boylan•Civil Wars•2018

  • Risk Sensitivity and the Sikh Uprising in the Punjab

    Open Access•James M Lutz•India Quarterly A Journal of…•2017

  • Ethnic political exclusion and terrorism

    Open Access•Hans E Hansen, Holley E Hansen et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2018

  • The baseline-inflated multinomial logit model for international relations research

    Open Access•Benjamin E Bagozzi•Conflict Management and Peace…•2015

  • Explaining religious terrorism

    Open Access•Nilay Saiya, Anthony Scime•Conflict Management and Peace…•2014

  • No Good Deed Goes Unpunished

    Open Access•Seung-Whan Choi, Idean Salehyan•Conflict Management and Peace…•2013

  • What drives ethnic terrorist campaigns? A view at the group level of analysis

    Open Access•Brandon M Boylan•Conflict Management and Peace…•2014

  • Democratic breakdown and terrorism

    Open Access•Joshua Tschantret•Conflict Management and Peace…•2020

  • Development, discrimination, and domestic terrorism

    Open Access•Saran Ghatak, Sambuddha Ghatak et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2015

  • Assessing border walls’ varied impacts on terrorist group diffusion

    Open Access•Andrew S Rosenberg, Nazli Avdan•Conflict Management and Peace…•2024

  • Types of Minority Discrimination and Terrorism

    Open Access•James A Piazza, James C Piazza•Conflict Management and Peace…•2012

  • Media effects

    Open Access•Victor Asal, Aaron M Hoffman•Conflict Management and Peace…•2015

  • Does food security matter for transition in Arab countries

    Open Access•Jean-François Maystadt, Jean-François Trinh Tan et al.•Food Policy•2014

  • Income inequality, redistribution and domestic terrorism

    Open Access•Tim Krieger, Daniel Meierrieks•World Development•2019

  • The impact of armed conflict and terrorism on foreign aid

    Open Access•Piotr Lis•World Development•2018

  • Foreign Terrorist Organization designation, international cooperation, and terrorism

    Barbara J Phillips•International Interactions•2018

  • Why Do We Know So Little About Terrorism

    Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca•International Interactions•2014

  • The Homegrown Threat

    Saran Ghatak, Sambuddha Ghatak et al.•International Interactions•2016

  • Regime Age and Terrorism

    James A Piazza, James C Piazza•International Interactions•2013

  • Economic Sanctions, Poverty, and International Terrorism

    Seung-Whan Choi, Shali Luo•International Interactions•2013

  • At risk for radicalization and jihadism? A population-based study of Norwegian adolescents

    Open Access•Willy Pedersen, Viggo Vestel et al.•Cooperation and Conflict•2017

  • The Effect of Violent Extremism on Local Conflicts and Vice Versa

    Open Access•Eun Kyung Kim, Kwang-Su Kim•Insight on Africa•2024

  • Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States

    Manuel Vogt•Mobilization and Conflict in…•2019

  • Toward a Criminology of Terrorism

    Open Access•G Lafree•Toward a Criminology of Terrorism•2023

  • Aid, Intervention, and Terror

    Open Access•Orlandrew E Danzell, Emizet F Kisangani et al.•Social Science Quarterly•2019

  • Not gone away

    Open Access•Martin D Owens, Elizabeth K Johnson•Critical Perspectives on…•2024

  • Multidimensional paths to regional poverty

    Paula Andrea Nieto Alemán, Norat Roig-Tierno et al.•Journal of Human Development•2018

  • The prosperous hardliner

    Open Access•Natalie Delia Deckard, David Jacobson•Social Compass•2015

  • Service Needs, Context of Reception, and Perceived Discrimination of Venezuelan Immigrants in the United States and Colombia

    Open Access•Carolina Scaramutti, R Schmidt et al.•Journal on Migration and Human…•2023

  • Menelisik Dinamika Radikalisme Gen Z Perempuan di Facebook

    Open Access•Eko Saputra•ISLAMICA Jurnal Studi Keislaman•2019

  • Exploring the Dynamics of Radicalization in Pakistan

    Open Access•Amber Javed, Noor Elahi et al.•SAGE Open•2025

  • Toward an Integrated Psychological Model of Violent Extremism

    Open Access•Milan Obaidi, Robin Bergh et al.•European Review of Social…•2025

  • Do Socio-Political Factors Impact Terrorism? Insights from Jammu and Kashmir in India

    Neeraj K Soni, Nishant Soni et al.•Deviant Behavior•2025

  • Preventing violent extremism

    Open Access•Garth D Stahl, Melanie Baak et al.•British Educational Research…•2021

  • Can peace be purchased? A sectoral-level analysis of aid’s influence on transnational terrorism

    Open Access•Joseph K Young, Michael G Findley•Public Choice•2011

  • The illicit drug trade, counternarcotics strategies and terrorism

    Open Access•James A Piazza, James C Piazza•Public Choice•2011

  • Decentralization, institutions, and maritime piracy

    Open Access•Khusrav Gaibulloev, Tod Sandler et al.•Public Choice•2016

  • Inequality and terrorism

    Open Access•Azreen Anwar, Quan Li et al.•Public Choice•2026

  • Oil and terrorism

    Open Access•James A Piazza, James C Piazza•Public Choice•2016

  • Rebel with a Cause

    Open Access•Katarzyna Jaśko, Marta Szastok et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2019

  • The Islamic challenge

    Jytte Klausen•The Islamic challenge•2005

  • Regression Analysis of Count Data

    A Colin Cameron, Pravin K Trivedi•Regression Analysis of Count Data•1998

  • Promise and Pitfalls of Terrorism Research

    Open Access•Joseph K Young, Michael G Findley•International Studies Review•2011

  • Kto Kogo?

    Open Access•Alan B Krueger, David D Laitin•Terrorism, Economic Development,…•2008

  • Sri Lankan Terrorism

    Cécile Van De Voorde•Police Practice and Research•2005

  • Inequality and Violent Crime

    Pablo Fajnzylber, Daniel Lederman et al.•The Journal of Law and Economics•2002

  • Understanding Terror Networks

    Marc Sageman•Understanding Terror Networks•2004

  • Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime

    Open Access•Ching-Chi Hsieh, M D Pugh•Criminal Justice Review•1993

  • Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism

    Alberto Abadie•American Economic Review•2006

  • Evidence about the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism among Palestinians

    Claude Berrebi•Peace Economics Peace Science and…•2007

  • Beyond greed and grievance

    Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler et al.•Oxford Economic Papers•2008

  • Do Democracy and Free Markets Protect Us From Terrorism

    Open Access•James A Piazza, James C Piazza•International Politics•2007

  • Terrorism, Signaling, and Suicide Attack

    Bruce Hoffman, Gordon H Mccormick•Studies in Conflict and Terrorism•2004

  • Economic Development, Poorly Managed Political Conflict and Terrorism in India

    James A Piazza, James C Piazza•Studies in Conflict and Terrorism•2009

  • Draining the Swamp”

    Open Access•Brian Lai•Conflict Management and Peace…•2007

  • Does food security matter for transition in Arab countries

    Open Access•Jean-François Maystadt, Jean-François Trinh Tan et al.•Food Policy•2014

  • Terrorism and democratic states

    Joe Eyerman•International Interactions•1998

  • Iran's Ethnic Tinderbox

    John R Bradley•The Washington Quarterly•2007

  • Can peace be purchased? A sectoral-level analysis of aid’s influence on transnational terrorism

    Open Access•Joseph K Young, Michael G Findley•Public Choice•2011

  • The illicit drug trade, counternarcotics strategies and terrorism

    Open Access•James A Piazza, James C Piazza•Public Choice•2011

  • Race and Gender Influences on Adjustment in Early Adolescence

    Open Access•David L Dubois, Carol Burk–Braxton et al.•Child Development•2002

  • Catholic Grievances

    Denis O’hearn, Denis O'Hearn•British Journal of Sociology•1987

  • Why Minorities Rebel

    Open Access•Ted Robert Gurr•International Political Science…•1993

  • The Kurdish Question in Turkey

    Open Access•Doğu Ergil•Journal of democracy•2000

  • The Effect of Political Regime on Civil War

    Open Access•James Raymond Vreeland•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2008

  • Great Expectations and Hard Times

    Open Access•Sarah Brockhoff, Tim Krieger et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2015

  • Does Democracy Matter

    Open Access•Sara Jackson Wade, Dan Reiter•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2007

  • Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism

    Open Access•Quan Li, Drew Schaub•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2004

  • The Devil You Know but Are Afraid to Face

    Open Access•Konstantinos Drakos, Κωνσταντίνος Δράκος et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2006

  • On Welfare and Terror

    Open Access•Brian Burgoon•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2006

  • Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents

    Open Access•Quan Li•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2005

  • Conciliation, Counterterrorism, and Patterns of Terrorist Violence

    Ethan Bueno De Mesquita•International Organization•2005

  • The Causes of Terrorism

    Martha Crenshaw•Comparative Politics•1981

  • Why Respecting Physical Integrity Rights Reduces Terrorism

    Open Access•James I Walsh, James A Piazza•Comparative Political Studies•2010

  • Democracy and Indigenous Rebellion in Latin America

    Open Access•Matthew R Cleary•Comparative Political Studies•2000

  • The state‐Moroarmed conflict in the Philippines Unresolved national question or question of governance

    Rizal G Buendia•Asian Journal of Political Science•2005

  • Dynamic Modeling for Persistent Event-Count Time Series

    Patrick T Brandt, John T Williams et al.•American Journal of Political…•2000

  • Making the Most of Statistical Analyses

    Gary King, Michael Tomz et al.•American Journal of Political…•2000

  • Statistical Models for Political Science Event Counts

    Gary King•American Journal of Political…•1988

  • On the relationship between democracy and terrorism

    Tod Sandler, Todd Sandler•Terrorism and Political Violence•1995

  • Rooted in Poverty

    James A Piazza, James C Piazza•Terrorism and Political Violence•2006

  • Does democracy encourage terrorism

    William Lee Eubank, Leonard Weinberg•Terrorism and Political Violence•1994

  • Education, Poverty and Terrorism

    Open Access•Alan B Krueger, Jitka Malečková•The Journal of Economic…•2003

  • Ethnic Discrimination and Interstate Violence

    Open Access•Mary Caprioli, Peter F Trumbore•Journal of Peace Research•2003

  • Domestic versus transnational terrorism

    Open Access•Walter Enders, Tod Sandler et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2011

  • Structural Causes of Oppositional Political Terrorism

    Open Access•Jeffrey Ian Ro, Jeffrey Ian Ross•Journal of Peace Research•1993

  • Modern Guerrilla Insurgency

    Allan E Goodman, Anthony James Joes•The Journal of Interdisciplinary…•1995

  • Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War

    James D Fearon, David D Laitin•American Political Science Review•2003

  • Discrimination and Political Violence

    Open Access•Maro Ellina, Will H Moore•The Western Political Quarterly•1990

  • Supportive Parenting Moderates the Effect of Discrimination upon Anger, Hostile View of Relationships, and Violence among African American Boys

    Open Access•R L Simons, Leslie Gordon Simons et al.•Journal of Health and Social…•2006

Unique citing works154
Citations per year10,27
Citation span2011 - 2026 (16)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 143

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae