Gender in elections
The consequences of killing women activists
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 3918291 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Andrés F Rivera (0000-0001-5489-3340, Jacobs Foundation, Columbia, corresponding author), Juliana Tappe Ortiz (0000-0003-1981-7945, University of Tübingen), Cheryl Koos (0000-0002-1259-7495, University of Bergen) |
| Year | 2025 |
| Volume | 62 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 1565-1580 |
| Publication date | 2025-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Peace Research (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3433 • E-ISSN: 1460-3578 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/00223433251347772 |
| OpenAlex | W4413901712 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 7 |
| References cited | 78 |
Violence against social activists is a global phenomenon, increasingly prevalent in democratic and conflict-affected states. Violence targeting women activists, in particular, highlights the intersection of gender-based discrimination and the risks associated with activism. We theorize that the killings of women activists reduce both women's motivation to run for office and voters' willingness to elect women candidates, driven by fears of further retaliation from armed groups and a demand for protective masculine norms in politics. Using novel fine-grained data on violence against activists, we demonstrate that the killings of women activists in Colombia decrease women's candidacies and lower voter support for women in mayoral elections. Additional analyses suggest that women's visibility during peace negotiations and prior territorial control by left-wing FARC rebels mitigated this effect, emphasizing how variation in gender norms can alter the political consequences of violence. Our findings reveal that considering the gender of victims offers important insights into how exposure to political violence influences democratic elections
Computer security · Injury prevention · Medical emergency · Occupational safety and health · Poison control · Political science · Suicide prevention · Computer Science · Gender Politics and Representation · Gender, Security, and Conflict · Human Factors and Ergonomics · Intimate Partner and Family Violence · Law · Medicine · Psychology · Social Psychology
Violence Against Feminist Advocates
The Consequences of Violence for Women’s Candidacy in Legislative Elections
Has Political Violence Affected Americans’ Commitment to Democratic Participation? The Mitigating Role of Neighborhood Social Cohesion
Reflections on a research agenda
Violence against civil society actors in democracies
Political violence in democracies
Renting political violence
Attacking Women or their Policies? Understanding Violence against Women in Politics
Violence against Women in Politics
War, Women, and Power
Women and Power in Postconflict Africa
Doubly robust difference-in-differences estimators
A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends
How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates?
Pretest with Caution
War and Gender
The Monopoly of Violence
Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects
Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods
Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects
The Logic of Violence in Civil War
Leadership, entrepreneurship and collective action
Selective Civilian Targeting
Looking Beyond Violent Militarized Masculinities
Women human rights defenders
Conflict, Gender, Ethnicity and Post-Conflict Reconstruction
Masculinity nostalgia
Female combatants and rebel group behaviour
Civil conflict and voting behavior
Local competitive authoritarianism and post-conflict violence. An analysis of the assassination of social leaders in Colombia
Fests of Vests”
Gender after Genocide
Voting for Victors
The Gendered Effects of Violence on Political Engagement
The Effect of Wartime Legacies on Electoral Mobilization after Civil War
Choosing Women in Postwar Elections
How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts
External threat environments and individual bias against female leaders
The Effects of Electoral Violence on Women’s Legislative Representation
Silencing Human Rights Defenders Once and for All? Determinants of Human Rights Defenders’ Killings
The Gendered Representational Costs of Violence against Politicians
The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment against Female Politicians
Civil War and Female Empowerment
Contestation, Governance, and the Production of Violence Against Civilians
Fighting and Voting
Conflict, Peace, and the Evolution of Women's Empowerment
Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict
The gendered costs of stigma
Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice
Conflict, Protection, and Punishment
Insecurity and Support for Female Leadership in Conflict States
Wartime Violence and Post-War Women's Representation
Bullets and Votes
Does electoral violence affect vote choice and willingness to vote? Conjoint analysis of a vignette experiment
Responding to sexual violence
IDP resettlement and collective targeting during civil wars
Violence against civil society actors in democracies
Democratic elections and anti-immigration attitudes
Guerrilleras in Latin America
Law enforcement at the margin of the law
Polls of fear? Electoral violence, incumbent strength, and voter turnout in Côte d'Ivoire
Does crime breed authoritarianism? Crime exposure, democratic decoupling and political attitudes in Brazil
The gendered risks of defending rights in armed conflict
Party competition and the limits of electoral coercion
Introducing the Mapping Attitudes, Perceptions and Support (Maps) dataset on the Colombian peace process
The political consequences of wartime sexual violence
Sisters Are Doing It for Themselves
Are Voters Sensitive to Terrorism? Direct Evidence from the Israeli Electorate
The Silenced Text
War and Nationalism
Legacies of Wartime Sexual Violence
Telling the Difference
Agrarian elite participation in Colombia's civil war
| Unique citing works | 7 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 7 |
| Citation span | 2025 - 2026 (2) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 6 |