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Freedom of expression

Bibliographic Data

ID4079181
AuthorsMatteo Bonotti (0000-0001-8241-4896, Monash University, corresponding author), Jonathan Seglow (0000-0002-2766-1955, Royal Holloway University of London)
Year2021
Volume16
Issue7
Publication date2021-07-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePhilosophy Compass (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1747-9991 • E-ISSN: 1747-9991
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/phc3.12759
OpenAlexW3172846129
LanguageEN
Citations received5
References cited77

This article surveys the classic and contemporary literature on the nature and limits of freedom of expression (or free speech). It begins by surveying the main philosophical justifications for free speech, before moving to consider the two most discussed topics in the free speech literature: hate speech and pornography. The article offers some brief reflections on the large number of arguments which have been offered on these topics. Three newer battlegrounds for free speech are examined at the end: no platforming, fake news and online shaming

Epistemology · Expression (computer science · Free speech · Freedom of expression · Human rights · Linguistics · Political science · Pornography · Psychoanalysis · Sociology · Computer Science · Freedom of Expression and Defamation · Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection · Law · Philosophy · Psychology · Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology

  • Mill’s Pragmatism on Free Speech and Inquiry

    Open Access•Arden Rushwood•Philosophy & Social Criticism•2026

  • The freedom of expression in Indonesia

    Open Access•Zico Junius Fernando, Pujiyono Pujiyono et al.•Cogent Social Sciences•2022

  • Free speech principles and standards in academia

    Open Access•Kriszta Kovács, Gábor Attila Tóth•International Journal of…•2025

  • Muting the Liars

    Open Access•Yi-Hsuan Huang•British Journal of Political…•2026

  • Something AI Should Tell You – The Case for Labelling Synthetic Content

    Open Access•Sarah A Fisher•Journal of Applied Philosophy•2025

  • The Harm in Hate Speech

    Jeremy Waldron•Harm in Hate Speech•2012

  • Fake News and Partisan Epistemology

    Regina Rini•Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal•2017

  • Hate speech review in the context of online social networks

    Open Access•Naganna Chetty, Sreejith Alathur•Aggression and Violent Behavior•2018

  • Silencing Speech

    Open Access•Ishani Maitra•Canadian Journal of Philosophy•2009

  • Democratic Authority

    David Estlund, David M Estlund•Democratic Authority•2009

  • Free Speech and Illocution

    Open Access•Jennifer Hornsby, Rae Langton•Legal Theory•1998

  • Hate Speech, Dignity and Self-Respect

    Open Access•Jonathan Seglow•Ethical Theory and Moral Practice•2016

  • The Relation between Academic Freedom and Free Speech

    Rosemary Michelle Simpson, Robert Mark Simpson•Ethics•2020

  • A Perfectionist Defense of Free Speech

    J K Miles•Social Theory and Practice•2012

  • Is Pornography an Action

    Cynthia A Stark•Social Theory and Practice•1997

  • Is the Right of Free Speech Special

    Robert Ladenson, Robert F Ladenson•Social Theory and Practice•1997

  • Against Online Public Shaming

    Guy Aitchison, Saladin Meckled‐garcia et al.•Social Theory and Practice•2021

  • John Stuart Mill and the “Marketplace of Ideas”

    Jill Gordon•Social Theory and Practice•1997

  • A Meta-Analysis of Pornography Consumption and Actual Acts of Sexual Aggression in General Population Studies

    Open Access•Paul J Wright, Robert S Tokunaga et al.•Journal of Communication•2016

  • Just Words

    Mary Kate Mcgowan•Just Words•2019

  • Is There a Right of Freedom of Expression

    Open Access•Larry Alexander•Is There a Right of Freedom of…•2005

  • Toleration

    Catriona Mckinnon•Toleration•2007

  • Fake News

    Open Access•Axel Gelfert•Informal Logic•2018

  • Can "More Speech" Counter Ignorant Speech

    Open Access•Maxime Lepoutre•Journal of Ethics and Social…•2019

  • What's New About Fake News

    Open Access•Eliot Michaelson, Rachel Katharine Sterken et al.•Journal of Ethics and Social…•2019

  • Infra‐humanization

    Open Access•Jacques‐Philippe Leyens, Stéphanie Demoulin et al.•Social Issues and Policy Review•2007

  • The competition of ideas

    Robert Sparrow, Robert E Goodin•Critical Review of International…•2001

  • The Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006

    Alexander Brown•Critical Review of International…•2008

  • Autonomy, free speech and automatic behaviour

    Open Access•Andres Moles•Res Publica. Revista de Historia…•2006

  • Debate

    Open Access•Mary Kate Mcgowan•Journal of Political Philosophy•2009

  • J. S. Mill's Doctrine of Freedom of Expression

    Open Access•J Riley•Utilitas•2005

  • When Shaming Is Shameful

    Open Access•Karen Adkins•Hypatia•2019

  • Pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women

    Open Access•Gert Martin Hald, Neil M Malamuth et al.•Aggressive Behavior•2010

  • The Id, the Ego, and Equal Protection

    Charles R Lawrence, Charles R Lawrence III•Stanford Law Review•1987

  • Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years

    Margaret A Blanchard, David M Rabban•Journal of American History•1998

  • Public Response to Racist Speech

    Masahiko Matsuda, Mari J Matsuda•Michigan Law Review•1989

  • Truth, Deliberative Democracy, and the Virtues of Accuracy

    Open Access•Sherrie Chamber•Political Studies•2021

  • Dangerous Speech

    Open Access•John W Howard•Philosophy & Public Affairs•2019

  • Free Speech as a Special Right

    Open Access•Leslie Kendrick•Philosophy & Public Affairs•2017

  • What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech

    Open Access•Alexander Brown•Ethnicities•2018

  • Freedom of speech and racial vilification in Australia

    Katharine Gelber, Luke Mcnamara•Australian Journal of Political…•2013

  • Enforcing social norms

    Open Access•Paul Billingham, Tom Parr•European Journal of Philosophy•2020

  • Free Speech and Hate Speech

    John W Howard•Annual Review of Political Science•2019

  • The Effects of Civil Hate Speech Laws

    Open Access•Katharine Gelber, Luke Mcnamara•Law & Society Review•2015

  • Pornography

    Open Access•Lori Watson•Philosophy Compass•2010

  • Evidencing the harms of hate speech

    Katharine Gelber, Luke Mcnamara•Social Identities•2016

Unique citing works5
Citations per year1,25
Citation span2022 - 2026 (5)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 4

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