Between Sticky Floors and Glass Ceilings
Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality by Gender and Race in Brazil
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 4362889 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Laura Barros (University of Göttingen), Manuel Santos Silva (0000-0001-6673-4283, Freie Universität Berlin) |
| Year | 2025 |
| Volume | 73 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 1685-1719 |
| Publication date | 2025-07-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Economic Development and Cultural Change (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0013-0079 • E-ISSN: 1539-2988 |
| Publisher | University of Chicago Press (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1086/732798 |
| OpenAlex | W4401817113 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 1 |
| References cited | 65 |
We investigate how trade liberalization affects gender and racial pay inequalities in the short run. Guided by an intersectional perspective, and exploiting Brazil’s trade liberalization process (1988–95) as a natural experiment, we estimate overlapping effects across gender, race, and wage levels. On average, liberalization increased wages of nonwhite women relative to men and white women. However, this average effect masks substantial heterogeneity. When we decompose pay gaps along the wage distribution, we find that liberalization increased racial and gender inequality at low wages, which exacerbated preexisting “sticky floors” for nonwhite women. In contrast, at the top of the distribution, liberalization reduced racial wage gaps, which mitigated existing “glass ceilings” by race
Demographic economics · Economics · Gender inequality · Inequality · Labour economics · Liberalization · Market economy · Race (biology) · Sociology · Wage · Wage Inequality · Gender Studies · Global trade and economics · Labor Movements and Unions · Mathematics · Migration and Labor Dynamics
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| Unique citing works | 1 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,5 |
| Citation span | 2024 - 2024 (1) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 1 |