Urban Space, Restrictive Covenants and the Origins of Racial Residential Segregation in a US City, 1900-50
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 4383041 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Kevin Fox Gotham (0000-0003-2571-0300, Tulane University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2000 |
| Volume | 24 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 616-633 |
| Publication date | 2000-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0309-1317 • E-ISSN: 1468-2427 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/1468-2427.00268 |
| OpenAlex | W2147797011 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 88 |
| References cited | 41 |
Many studies have examined the role of racial prejudice and discrimination in the creation of racial residential segregation in US cities. Yet few researchers have situated early twentieth-century meanings of race and racism within broader processes of urban development and the emergence of the modern real estate industry. Using a case study of Kansas City, Missouri, this article examines the organized efforts of community builders and homeowner associations to create racially homogeneous neighborhoods through the use and enforcement of racially restrictive covenants. Racially restrictive covenants encoded racial difference in urban space and helped nurture emerging racial prejudices and stereotypes that associated black residence with declining property values, deteriorating neighborhoods and other negative consequences. I argue that the cultivation and development of this segregationist ideology was simultaneously an exercise in the racialization of urban space that linked race and culturally specific behavior to place of residence in the city. As the twentieth century progressed, the identification of black behavior and culture with deteriorating neighborhoods became an important impetus and justification for exclusionary real estate practices designed to create and maintain the geographical separation of the races and control metropolitan development. I conclude with a discussion of how the linkage between race, racism and urban space helps to explain why racial residential segregation remains a persistent and tenacious feature of US metropolitan areas despite the passage of fair housing and numerous anti-discrimination statutes over the past decades.Nombre d'études ont porté sur l'incidence des préjugés raciaux et de la discrimination sur la ségrégation raciale apparue dans l'habitat des villes américaines. En revanche, peu de chercheurs ont replacé les notions de race et de racisme en ce début de millénaire dans le cadre des processus plus larges d'aménagement urbain et d'émergence de l'immobilier moderne. À partir d'une étude de cas sur Kansas City (Missouri), cet article examine les efforts d'associations locales de propriétaires d'habitations et de constructeurs de logements sociaux qui se sont organisées afin de créer des quartiers homogènes sur le plan racial via l'utilisation et l'application de conditions locatives restrictives. Ces restrictions ont codifié une différence raciale dans l'espace urbain et contribuéà entretenir les préjugés raciaux et stéréotypes associant l'habitat noir à la dévalorisation de l'immobilier, à la détérioration des quartiers et à d'autres effets négatifs. L'article démontre que maintenir et développer cette idéologie ségrégationniste constituait parallèlement une opération de racialisation de l'espace urbain, une race et un comportement culturel spécifique se trouvant liés à un lieu de résidence dans la ville. Au cours du XXe siècle, l'identification du comportement et de la culture noirs à des quartiers dégradés a stimulé et justifié des pratiques immobilières d'exclusion visant à créer et à préserver la séparation géographique des races, tout en contrôlant l'aménagement métropolitain. Pour terminer, l'article aborde de quelle manière l'établissement d'un lien entre race, racisme et espace urbain permet d'expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles la ségrégation raciale de l'habitat persiste dans les zones métropolitaines américaines et ce, malgré l'adoption, au cours des dernières décennies, de l'accès universel au logement et de nombreuses lois contre les discriminations
Covenant · Criminology · Geography · Ideology · Metropolitan area · Political science · Politics · Racialization · Racism · Real estate · Residence · Sociology · Demography · Gender Studies · Law · Urban Planning and Governance · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies · Urbanization and City Planning
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Poverty Suburbanization
Was Postwar Suburbanization “White Flight”? Evidence from the Black Migration
Racial Residential Segregation in American Cities
Restrictive Covenants
Race Brokers
Soziologie der Nachbarschaft
Racisms
The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past
Les gated communities aux États-Unis et en France
The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past
How Americans Make Race
Restrictive Covenants
Urban Space
Restrictive Covenants
State Landlord–Tenant Policy and Eviction Rates in Majority-Minority Neighborhoods
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Growing Green in Us Suburbia
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Historic Roots of Modern Residential Segregation in a Southwestern Metropolis
Home Price Change and Ethno-racial Residential Segregation
Racial/Ethnic Segregation and Urban Inequality in Kansas City, Missouri
Contracting the Urban World
Relationship of Racial Residential Segregation to Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV among Black Heterosexuals in US Metropolitan Areas, 2008–2015
Aloofness or Dirty Hands
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The Effect of Urban Containment and Mandatory Housing Elements on Racial Segregation in Us Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000
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Persistence of mortgage lending bias in the United States
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Eco-critical Consciousness Meets Oppositional Consciousness
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Redlined Neighborhoods, Yellowlined Recreation, Greenlined Parks
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Gated Communities
Jane Jacobs and the limits to experience
An Injurious Effect on the Neighbourhood’
Access to the urban national park in Cape Town
From Slavery to Social Class to Disadvantage
Dirty deeds
A People’s History of Leisure Studies
Public Administration, Diversity, and the Ethic of Getting Things Done
Structural Racism, the Social Determination of Health, and Health Inequities
Land Speculation and Suburban Covenants
A Legal Geography of Prison and Other Carceral Spaces
Inequality shaping processes and gated communities in US western metropolitan areas
Urban Containment and Residential Segregation
Aspiring Teachers and Urban Education Programs
Governmentality as Epistemology
Measuring Ethnic Clustering and Exposure with the Q Statistic
Environment and the racialization of space in US cities
Gentrification and the Increasing Significance of Racial Transition in New York City 1970–2010
Out of the 'moribund backwater
Gated Communities
As novas lógicas de fortificação residencial nas periferias metropolitanas de Belo Horizonte
Race and the City
Geographies of land use
The National Rise in Residential Segregation
The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation
Race and (Online) Sites of Consumption
Racialized Topographies
Surmounting City Silences
Geographies of Algorithmic Violence
Gated Communities and House Prices
An Anthropology of White Supremacy in Detroit
Rural Segregation and Racial Violence
When Environmental Inequality Racialized
Daily Mobility in the Black-White Segregated City
Critical Race Theory
Can Buildings be Racist? A Critical Sociology of Architecture and the Built Environment
The duality of spectacle and secrecy
Opposing and Policing Racial Integration
The misunderstood consequences of Shelley v. Kraemer
The Negro family in the United States.
Lives of their own
American apartheid
A ghetto takes shape
Racial Policies and Practices of Real Estate Brokers
Marxism and the metropolis
Race riot
Black wealth, white wealth
The Social Production of Urban Space
Racial Fault Lines
Pioneer Urbanites
Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s, by Michael Omi and Howard Winant
Comment on Loïc J. D. Wacquant, ‘Three Pernicious Premises in the Study of the American Ghetto’
Indexes of Racial Residential Segregation for 109 Cities in the United States, 1940 to 1970
Black Chicago
Making the Second Ghetto
Racism and Society
Deed Restrictions and Subdivision Development in Columbus, Ohio, 1900-1970
Race and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta
K. C
J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City
Race and the City
J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City
City-Building in America
Racial Change and Social Policy
Housing and the Real Estate Problem
Response to Loïc J.D. Wacquant’s ‘Three Pernicious Premises in the Study of the American Ghetto
Uses and Misuses of Concepts in American Social Science Research
The production of space
The condition of postmodernity
A Tale of Three Cities
The Negro Ghetto
The Changing 'Face' of the Suburbs
Forbidden Neighbors
Wacquant in the Argentine Slums
Rethinking Racism
Ghettos real and imagined
Three Pernicious Premises in the Study of the American Ghetto
Large builders, federal housing programmes, and postwar suburbanization
The Specificity of the Chicago Ghetto
Suburbia under siege
| Unique citing works | 88 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,52 |
| Citation span | 2001 - 2026 (26) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 85 |