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Urban Space, Restrictive Covenants and the Origins of Racial Residential Segregation in a US City, 1900-50

Bibliographic Data

ID4383041
AuthorsKevin Fox Gotham (0000-0003-2571-0300, Tulane University, corresponding author)
Year2000
Volume24
Issue3
Pages616-633
Publication date2000-09-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0309-1317 • E-ISSN: 1468-2427
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/1468-2427.00268
OpenAlexW2147797011
LanguageEN
Citations received88
References cited41

Many studies have examined the role of racial prejudice and discrimination in the creation of racial residential segregation in US cities. Yet few researchers have situated early twentieth-century meanings of race and racism within broader processes of urban development and the emergence of the modern real estate industry. Using a case study of Kansas City, Missouri, this article examines the organized efforts of community builders and homeowner associations to create racially homogeneous neighborhoods through the use and enforcement of racially restrictive covenants. Racially restrictive covenants encoded racial difference in urban space and helped nurture emerging racial prejudices and stereotypes that associated black residence with declining property values, deteriorating neighborhoods and other negative consequences. I argue that the cultivation and development of this segregationist ideology was simultaneously an exercise in the racialization of urban space that linked race and culturally specific behavior to place of residence in the city. As the twentieth century progressed, the identification of black behavior and culture with deteriorating neighborhoods became an important impetus and justification for exclusionary real estate practices designed to create and maintain the geographical separation of the races and control metropolitan development. I conclude with a discussion of how the linkage between race, racism and urban space helps to explain why racial residential segregation remains a persistent and tenacious feature of US metropolitan areas despite the passage of fair housing and numerous anti-discrimination statutes over the past decades.Nombre d'études ont porté sur l'incidence des préjugés raciaux et de la discrimination sur la ségrégation raciale apparue dans l'habitat des villes américaines. En revanche, peu de chercheurs ont replacé les notions de race et de racisme en ce début de millénaire dans le cadre des processus plus larges d'aménagement urbain et d'émergence de l'immobilier moderne. À partir d'une étude de cas sur Kansas City (Missouri), cet article examine les efforts d'associations locales de propriétaires d'habitations et de constructeurs de logements sociaux qui se sont organisées afin de créer des quartiers homogènes sur le plan racial via l'utilisation et l'application de conditions locatives restrictives. Ces restrictions ont codifié une différence raciale dans l'espace urbain et contribuéà entretenir les préjugés raciaux et stéréotypes associant l'habitat noir à la dévalorisation de l'immobilier, à la détérioration des quartiers et à d'autres effets négatifs. L'article démontre que maintenir et développer cette idéologie ségrégationniste constituait parallèlement une opération de racialisation de l'espace urbain, une race et un comportement culturel spécifique se trouvant liés à un lieu de résidence dans la ville. Au cours du XXe siècle, l'identification du comportement et de la culture noirs à des quartiers dégradés a stimulé et justifié des pratiques immobilières d'exclusion visant à créer et à préserver la séparation géographique des races, tout en contrôlant l'aménagement métropolitain. Pour terminer, l'article aborde de quelle manière l'établissement d'un lien entre race, racisme et espace urbain permet d'expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles la ségrégation raciale de l'habitat persiste dans les zones métropolitaines américaines et ce, malgré l'adoption, au cours des dernières décennies, de l'accès universel au logement et de nombreuses lois contre les discriminations

Covenant · Criminology · Geography · Ideology · Metropolitan area · Political science · Politics · Racialization · Racism · Real estate · Residence · Sociology · Demography · Gender Studies · Law · Urban Planning and Governance · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies · Urbanization and City Planning

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Unique citing works88
Citations per year3,52
Citation span2001 - 2026 (26)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 85

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