Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Conceptual models to guide integration during analysis in convergent mixed methods studies

Bibliographic Data

ID4563706
AuthorsEllen Moseholm (0000-0002-7195-8641, corresponding author), Michael D Fetters (0000-0001-8521-5681, University of Michigan)
Year2017
Volume10
Issue2
Publication date2017-07-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueMethodological Innovations (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2059-7991 • E-ISSN: 2059-7991
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/2059799117703118
OpenAlexW2775773180
LanguageEN
Citations received81
References cited46

Methodologists have offered general strategies for integration in mixed-methods studies through merging of quantitative and qualitative data. While these strategies provide researchers in the field general guidance on how to integrate data during mixed-methods analysis, a methodological typology detailing specific analytic frameworks has been lacking. The purpose of this article is to introduce a typology of analytical approaches for mixed-methods data integration in mixed-methods convergent studies. We distinguish three dimensions of data merging analytics: (1) the relational dimension, (2) the methodological dimension, and (3) the directional dimension. Five different frameworks for data merging relative to the methodological and directional dimension in convergent mixed-methods studies are described: (1) the explanatory unidirectional approach, (2) the exploratory unidirectional approach, (3) the simultaneous bidirectional approach, (4) the explanatory bidirectional approach, and (5) the exploratory bidirectional approach. Examples from empirical studies are used to illustrate each type. Researchers can use this typology to inform and articulate their analytical approach during the design, implementation, and reporting phases to convey clearly how an integrated approach to data merging occurred

Data Analysis · Data integration · Data mining · Data science · Dimension (graph theory · Exploratory data analysis · Field (mathematics · Management science · Multimethodology · Social science · Sociology · Typology · Advanced Causal Inference Techniques · Computer Science · Health Policy Implementation Science · Mathematics · Mental Health Research Topics

  • Improving employer and employee well-being in small and medium-sized enterprises in Flanders

    Open Access•Fleur Van De Wielle, Robin Vandecasteele et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • Cross-sector co-creation of a community-based physical activity program for breast cancer survivors in Colombia

    Open Access•Maria A Rubio, Daniela Mosquera et al.•Health Promotion International•2022

  • Navigating cultural transitions

    Edward Devere Bacon, Gessanee Maneerutt•Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership…•2026

  • Reading Motivation and Academic Emotions of Struggling Readers

    Open Access•Elizabeth A Hicks, Eun Ha Kim et al.•Reading & Writing Quarterly•2026

  • A Mixed-methods Study of How to Improve Primary-secondary Transitions in England

    Open Access•Charlotte Louise Bagnall, David Edge et al.•Educational Psychology Review•2026

  • Videoconferencing fatigue and online student engagement among Filipino senior high school students

    Open Access•Mikaela Jasmin F Dacillo, Jhoana Katrina M Dizon et al.•Frontiers in Education•2022

  • A mixed methods evaluation of the usability of Feel Your Best Self

    Open Access•Emily R Auerbach, Emily A Iovino et al.•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • Conceptualizing care partners' burden, stress, and support for reintegrating Veterans

    Open Access•Nicholas A Rattray, Mindy Flanagan et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2024

  • Oral health literacy and its related factors among community-dwelling older adults

    Open Access•Yiqing Liang, Jingjing Wang et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2026

  • Implementing the Icope program amongst community-dwelling older adults in Singapore

    Open Access•Quan Wang, Li Feng Tan et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2025

  • Physiological instruments meet mixed methods in Media Accessibility

    Open Access•Irene Hermosa-Ramírez•Translation Spaces•2022

  • Neighbourhood Income Disparities and Access to Urban Natural Assets in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana

    Open Access•Constance Kuukua Akuffo, Stephen Appiah Takyi et al.•African Geographical Review•2026

  • A mixed methods research study on occupational safety and health of tour guides

    Aytuğ Arslan, Gülşah Akkuş•Current Issues in Tourism•2024

  • Student learning ecologies in online higher education

    Open Access•Mitchell Peters, Montse Guitert Catasús et al.•Higher Education Research &…•2022

  • Supervisor perspectives on the ‘end-stage’ of the doctoral examination process

    Kerry Dally, Allyson Holbrook et al.•Higher Education Research &…•2022

  • Balancing regulation and innovation

    Open Access•Eyüp Şen, David Vanecek et al.•Studies in Higher Education•2026

  • Vocational interest measures across Africa

    Open Access•Salomé Elizabeth Scholtz•British Journal of Guidance and…•2024

  • Combining multiple socio-cultural approaches – Deeper insights into cultural ecosystem services of mountain lakes

    Open Access•Manuel Ebner, U Schirpke et al.•Landscape and Urban Planning•2022

  • Social Cohesion, Time Perspective, and Psychological Well-Being among Syrian Migrant Women in Türkiye

    Open Access•Muharrem Aka, Metin Gani Tapan et al.•International Journal for the…•2026

  • Pursuing Diversity

    Open Access•Sophia Seifert, Lorna Porter et al.•Teachers College Record The Voice…•2022

  • Friendship attachment style, intolerance of uncertainty, and psychological distress among unaccompanied immigrant minors in times of Covid‐19

    Open Access•Chiara Ceccon, Ughetta Moscardino•Journal of Adolescence•2024

  • Re-examining interpersonal source credibility in collaboration with community

    Lillie D Williamson, Lauren A Cafferty et al.•Journal of Applied Communication…•2026

  • Exploring Toxic Positivity, Shame, Emotional Exhaustion, and Job Withdrawal Intentions in the Workplace

    Open Access•Samantha L Grosvenor, Natasha M Loi•Scandinavian Journal of Psychology•2026

  • “At What Point Do You Ask a Suicidal Teen to Do Their Math Homework?”

    Melanie Sonsteng-Person, Natalie Fensterstock et al.•The Educational Forum•2024

  • Mixed-Methods Needs Assessment of Mental Health Among Asian American Christians

    Open Access•Priscilla Kwong, Carissa Dwiwardani et al.•Journal of Psychology and Theology•2025

  • Prevalence, drivers and surveillance of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic use in rural China

    Open Access•Helen Lambert, Xingrong Shen et al.•PLOS Global Public Health•2023

  • Why do people go to nature? Enhancing the recognition and scope of cultural ecosystem services in landscape

    Open Access•Jan Daněk, Ľuboš Slovák et al.•People and Nature•2026

  • A mixed-methods evaluation of an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis educational intervention for healthcare providers in a NYC safety-net hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic

    Antoinette Oot, Farzana Kapadia et al.•AIDS Care•2024

  • Integrating intersectionality and the capabilities approach in a mixed methods design

    Open Access•María Inés Barbosa Camargo•Methodological Innovations•2026

  • ‘They taught me coping mechanisms that did save my life’

    L Saulnier, E Booker et al.•Leisure/Loisir•2026

  • Which resources support teachers to embed Indigenous perspectives? A convergent mixed methods analysis

    Open Access•Emma Burns, Lucy Plummer et al.•The Australian Educational…•2026

  • Reconnecting people to nature through virtual reality

    Open Access•Giovanna Calogiuri, Elena Brambilla et al.•Wellbeing Space and Society•2025

  • It is very subtle, but it’s still a kind of exclusion’

    Román Ronzón‐tirado, Inés Cano-González et al.•Journal of Gender-Based Violence•2025

  • The Impact and Influence of Hospital Clowns on Hospitalized Children Undergoing Painful Procedures

    Open Access•Helle Nygaard Kristensen, Britt Laugesen et al.•Global Qualitative Nursing Research•2023

  • Physician challenges and supports during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Myia S Williams, Laura Ryniker et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2022

  • Music for displaced dyads

    Open Access•Letitia Slabu, Elizabeth Coombes et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2025

  • Quality of life, mental health and social relationships among older adults participating in the Recreovía physical activity community program

    Open Access•Nicolle Wagner-Gutiérrez, Silvia A González et al.•International Journal for Equity…•2025

  • The significance of green exercise for the health and wellbeing of Italian immigrants in Norway

    Open Access•Giovanna Calogiuri, Evi Petersen et al.•BMC Public Health•2023

  • Guiding organisational decision-making about Covid-19 asymptomatic testing in workplaces

    Open Access•Jan W van der Scheer, Akbar Ansari et al.•BMC Public Health•2022

  • Occupational burnout and job satisfaction among physicians in times of Covid-19 crisis

    Open Access•Hamzeh Mohammad Alrawashdeh, Ala’a B Al‐Tammemi et al.•BMC Public Health•2021

  • A mixed methods randomised control trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the journey to social inclusion – phase 2 intervention for chronically homeless adults

    Open Access•Shannen Vallesi, Paul Flatau et al.•BMC Public Health•2019

  • Young Adult Perspectives on Sex, Dating, and PrEP Use During the Pandemic and Improving the Future of PrEP Care

    Open Access•Christina Camp, Carrie T Chan et al.•AIDS and Behavior•2023

  • Retaining Respect as a Scholar While Pregnant

    Rebecca G Mirick, Stephanie P Wladkowski•Journal of Women and Gender in…•2023

  • Integrating Without Quantitizing

    Open Access•Hailey R Love, Catherine Corr•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2021

  • Integrating and Consolidating Data in Mixed Methods Data Analysis

    Open Access•Susanne Vogl•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2018

  • In This Issue

    Open Access•Michael D Fetters, José F Molina‐Azorín•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2019

  • Crossover Mixed Analysis in a Convergent Mixed Methods Design Used to Investigate Clinical Dialogues About Cancer Treatment in the Japanese Context

    Open Access•Taichi Hatta, Keiichi Narita et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2018

  • Modeling Contingency in Veteran Community Reintegration

    Open Access•Nicholas A Rattray, Edward J Miech et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2022

  • Integrating Autoethnography and Dynamic P-Technique

    Open Access•Brooke Hildebrand Clubbs, Eu Gene Chin•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2023

  • Rebuttal—Conceptualizing Integration During Both the Data Collection and Data Interpretation Phases

    Open Access•Michael D Fetters, José F Molina‐Azorín•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2018

  • Integration as a Process

    Open Access•Elisabeth L Kutscher, Lionel C Howard•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2021

  • Weighing Mixing in a Decision About Priority in Mixed Methods Research

    Open Access•Elizabeth G Creamer•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2024

  • Integrative Strategies in Mixed Methods Research

    Open Access•Leena Åkerblad, Riitta Seppänen‐Järvelä et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2020

  • Talking About Torture

    Open Access•Miriam Schirmer, Jürgen Pfeffer et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2023

  • Integrating and Visualizing Heterogeneous Data

    Open Access•Anders Bonde, Rasmus Døj et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2025

  • A failure to converge? The use of convergent designs in mixed methods research

    David L Morgan•International Journal of Social…•2025

  • Interpreting discordant results in mixed-method research

    Open Access•J Page-Reeves, Megan Rivera et al.•International Journal of Social…•2025

  • Conceptualising inclusive curricula for learners with complex special educational needs

    Barry Morrissey, Fiona King et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • Urban Care for Unpaid Caregivers

    Open Access•Paula Guevara, Paula Guevara-Aladino et al.•Journal of Urban Health•2024

  • The Mechanistic Rewards of Data and Theory Integration for Theory-Based Evaluation

    Open Access•Corrado Matta, Jannika Lindvall et al.•American Journal of Evaluation•2023

  • Pilot implementation of the Identity Project intervention with unaccompanied immigrant minors in Italy

    Open Access•Chiara Ceccon, Ughetta Moscardino et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2025

  • Feminist counselling practice in Australia

    Open Access•Ashleigh Perrella•Women s Studies International Forum•2022

  • Snack foods for babies

    Open Access•Alexandra Rhodes, Clare H Llewellyn et al.•Appetite•2025

  • Body dissatisfaction and beyond

    Open Access•Emma Liddiard, Richard J T Hamshaw•Appetite•2024

  • Enacting a child safety education programme in special education contexts

    Open Access•Barry Morrissey, Seline Keating et al.•Children and Youth Services Review•2024

  • Examining the influence of group diversity on the functioning of community‐based participatory research partnerships

    Open Access•P Paul Chandanabhumma, Sergi Fàbregue et al.•American Journal of Community…•2023

  • I Would Purposely Try to Keep them Separated”

    Open Access•Mark R Emerick, Jodie L Goldberg•TESOL Quarterly•2023

  • Qualitative Vignette Experiments

    Open Access•Gitte Sommer Harrits, Marie Østergaard Møller•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2020

  • Promoting work-related well-being of after-school staff via effectiveness and connectedness

    Open Access•Rachel R Ouellette, Elisiane De Bastos Lima Moreira et al.•Children and Youth Services Review•2025

  • Exploring gaps in young generations’ sustainable travel behavior

    Becky Liu-Lastres, Huilin Bao et al.•Journal of Sustainable Tourism•2025

  • The role of we-ness in Chinese serodiscordant male couples’ coping with HIV

    Rong Fu, Jianhua Hou et al.•Culture Health & Sexuality•2025

  • Gender and urban health

    Open Access•Lidia Maria De Oliveira Morais, Elis Mina Seraya Borde et al.•Cadernos de Saude Publica•2024

  • A Specialised Antenatal Music Therapy (Samt) programme for pregnant women with mental health conditions

    Open Access•Pui Sze Cheung, Mas Mahady Mohamad et al.•Nordisk Tidsskrift for Musikkterapi•2025

  • Developing a mixed-methods digital Multiple Sorting Task procedure using Zoom and Miro

    Open Access•Jing, David Canter•Methodological Innovations•2023

  • Generating metainferences in mixed methods research

    Open Access•Ahtisham Younas, Sergi Fàbregue et al.•Methodological Innovations•2023

  • The implications of a mixed methods way of thinking to practice

    Open Access•Elizabeth G Creamer, Kathleen M T Collins et al.•Methodological Innovations•2025

  • Les mixed methods

    Ingrid Tucci, Aurélie Peyrin et al.•Revue Française de Sociologie•2025

  • The Relationship Between Multimorbidity and Self-Reported Health Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults and the Factors that Shape This Relationship

    Open Access•Carly Whitmore, Maureen Markle-Reid et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Impact of Covid-19 and lockdown on mental health and future orientation among young adult asylum seekers in Italy

    Open Access•Chiara Ceccon, Ughetta Moscardino•Transcultural Psychiatric…•2022

  • Reputational Status Dynamics from a Mixed Methods Perspective

    Open Access•Ákos Bocskor•Youth & Society•2022

  • Digital Affordances and the Self

    Open Access•Annmarie Maxime R Amik, Hannah Sophia C Concepcion et al.•Journal of Applied Youth Studies•2025

  • Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research

    Abbas Tashakkori, Charles Teddlie•Sage Handbook Of Mixed Methods In…•2010

  • Mixed Methods Research

    Vicki L Plano Clark, Nataliya V Ivankova•Mixed Methods Research•2016

  • Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research

    Leslie Curry, Marcella Nunez-Smith•Mixed Methods in Health Sciences…•2015

  • Three techniques for integrating data in mixed methods studies

    Open Access•Alicia O’cathain, Elizabeth Murphy et al.•BMJ•2010

  • Realism as a Stance for Mixed Methods Research

    Joseph A Maxwell, Kavita Mittapalli•Sage Handbook Of Mixed Methods In…•2010

  • Pragmatism and the Philosophical Foundations of Mixed Methods Research1

    Gert Biesta•Sage Handbook Of Mixed Methods In…•2010

  • Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Results in Health Science Mixed Methods Research Through Joint Displays

    Open Access•Timothy C Guetterman, Michael D Fetters et al.•The Annals of Family Medicine•2015

  • The Quality of Mixed Methods Studies in Health Services Research

    Open Access•Alicia O’cathain, Alicia O'Cathain et al.•Journal of Health Services…•2008

  • Combining qualitative and quantitative research within mixed method research designs

    Open Access•Ulrika Östlund, Lisa Kidd et al.•International Journal of Nursing…•2011

  • Revisiting the Quantitative-Qualitative Debate

    Open Access•Joanna E M Sale, Lynne Lohfeld et al.•Quality & Quantity•2002

  • Achieving Integration in Mixed Methods Designs—Principles and Practices

    Open Access•Michael D Fetters, Leslie A Curry et al.•Health Services Research•2013

  • The Oxford Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research Inquiry

    Sharlene Hesse‐biber, Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber et al.•Oxford Handbook of Multimethod…•2015

  • Health-related quality of life in patients with serious non-specific symptoms undergoing evaluation for possible cancer and their experience during the process

    Open Access•Ellen Moseholm, Susan Rydahl‐Hansen et al.•Quality of Life Research•2016

  • Barriers to Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research

    Open Access•Alan Bryman•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2007

  • How Do Cognitive Function and Knowledge Affect Heart Failure Self-Care

    Open Access•Victoria Vaughan Dickson, Christopher S Lee et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2011

  • Using a Theory of Practice to Clarify Epistemological Challenges in Mixed Methods Research

    Open Access•Kristal Jones•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2015

  • A Methodology for Conducting Integrative Mixed Methods Research and Data Analyses

    Open Access•F G Castro, Joshua G Kellison et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2010

  • Haven’t We Always Been Doing Mixed Methods Research?”

    Open Access•Michael D Fetters•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2015

  • Integration and Publications as Indicators of "Yield" From Mixed Methods Studies

    Open Access•Alicia O’cathain, Elizabeth Murphy et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2007

  • Making Paradigms Meaningful in Mixed Methods Research

    Open Access•Peggy Shannon-Baker•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2015

  • Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research

    Open Access•R Burke Johnson, Anthony J Onwuegbuzie et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2007

  • Exploring Stigma in Low HIV Prevalence Settings in Rural West Bengal, India

    Open Access•Samiran Panda, Ranjan Sourav Das et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2014

  • Caqdas-GIS Convergence

    Open Access•Nigel Fielding, César A Cisneros Puebla•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2009

  • Learned Resourcefulness and the Long-Term Benefits of a Chronic Pain Management Program

    Open Access•Deborah J Kennett, Fergal O’hagan et al.•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2008

  • Paradigms Lost and Pragmatism Regained

    Open Access•David L Morgan•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2007

  • The 1 + 1 = 3 Integration Challenge

    Open Access•Michael D Fetters, Dawn Freshwater•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2015

  • The Journal of Mixed Methods Research Starts a New Decade

    Open Access•Michael D Fetters, José F Molina‐Azorín•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2016

  • Data Diffraction

    Open Access•Emma Uprichard, Leila Dawney•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2016

  • Young families under stress

    Open Access•Colette McAuley, Nyree McCurry et al.•Child & Family Social Work•2006

  • A mixed methods study of food safety knowledge, practices and beliefs in Hispanic families with young children

    Open Access•Kristen M Stenger, K Stenger et al.•Appetite•2014

  • The Adoption and Practice of Mixed Methods

    Open Access•Vicki L Plano Clark•Qualitative Inquiry•2010

  • Expanding the History and Range of Mixed Methods Research

    Open Access•Joseph A Maxwell•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2015

  • Integrative Analysis Strategies for Mixed Data Sources

    Open Access•Pat Bazeley•American Behavioral Scientist•2012

  • Applying Three Strategies for Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Databases in a Mixed Methods Study of a Nontraditional Graduate Education Program

    Open Access•Vicki L Plano Clark, Amanda L Garrett et al.•CAM•2010

  • Integrating quantitative and qualitative research

    Open Access•Alan Bryman•Qualitative Research•2006

  • Pragmatism as a Paradigm for Social Research

    Open Access•David L Morgan•Qualitative Inquiry•2014

Unique citing works81
Citations per year10,13
Citation span2018 - 2026 (9)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 81

Tools

Open DOISci-HubOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae