Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Maintaining Hierarchies in Predominantly White Organizations

A Theory of Racial Tasks

Bibliographic Data

ID5141254
AuthorsA H Wingfield (0000-0003-1532-6989, Georgia State University), Renée Skeete Alston (Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
Year2014
Volume58
Issue2
Pages274-287
Publication date2014-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Behavioral Scientist (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0002-7642 • E-ISSN: 1552-3381
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0002764213503329
OpenAlexW2327778988
LanguageEN
Citations received100
References cited18

Predominantly White workplaces are environments in which Whiteness is privileged in numerous ways. Studies show workers of color doing self-presentation, emotion work, and other forms of social interaction intended to help ease the difficulties associated with being in the minority. In addition to the expectation that they smooth interactions with White peers, workers of color are assigned positions and tasks which reinforce that racial status quo. In this theoretical article, we attempt to place these various processes under an umbrella term we define as "racial tasks." We examine the ideological, interactional, and physical labor racial minorities perform in mostly White work settings, and the ways these racial tasks vary at different levels of the organizational structure. We consider the ways that the tactics and requirements associated with racial tasks maintain the racial hierarchy of predominantly White organizations and conclude by examining the implications of this work for racial minorities

Hierarchy · Ideology · Political science · Politics · Presentation (obstetrics) · Race (biology) · Racial formation theory · Racial hierarchy · Racism · Sociology · Status quo · White (mutation) · Work (physics) · Emotional Labor in Professions · Gender Diversity and Inequality · Gender Studies · Labor Movements and Unions · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Racial Discrimination in Context

    D S Pedulla, Felipe Dias et al.•American Journal of Sociology•2025

  • Developing Cultural Self-Awareness for Intervention in Diversity Contexts

    Open Access•Nolwenn Gonzalez, Maeva Traverso et al.•Transcultural Psychiatry•2026

  • Towards an affects of care

    Open Access•Akari Nakai Kidd, Jan Smitheram•Social & Cultural Geography•2025

  • Retaining Women Faculty

    Open Access•Rebecca A Reid•PS Political Science & Politics•2021

  • Retooling Career Systems to Fight Workplace Bias

    Open Access•A Kalev, Frank Dobbin•Daedalus•2024

  • Just a diversity hire?

    Open Access•Malissa Alinor•Social Forces•2026

  • Doing differences to become an “Asian businesswoman

    Open Access•Anne Zhou-Thalamy•French Politics•2025

  • Black Men and Racial Microaggressions at Work

    Open Access•Mikaela Pitcan, Jennie Park‐taylor et al.•The Career Development Quarterly•2018

  • Obstructing Transformative Change

    Open Access•Deborah E Southern•Educational Evaluation and Policy…•2026

  • “Dangerous, Demeaning, and Immoral”

    Open Access•Annika Wilcox, Scott Grether•Sociology Compass•2026

  • JournalismStudiesSoWhite

    Open Access•Danielle K Brown, Miya Williams Fayne et al.•Journalism•2026

  • “Saved” by Interaction, Living by Race

    Open Access•Jelani Ince•Social Psychology Quarterly•2022

  • The Inclusion Tax

    Open Access•Tsedale M Melaku•Journal of Business Ethics•2024

  • “You Think About Your Identity a Lot”

    Open Access•Sebastian Castrechini•Journal of Adolescence•2026

  • “We Take the Whip and Work”

    Open Access•Sepideh Borzoo, Rupa Banerjee et al.•Sociological Inquiry•2026

  • Redressing a Gap in Higher Education and Whiteness Literature

    Open Access•Deborah E Southern•Review of Educational Research•2025

  • This Is Why I Leave

    Open Access•Adina D Sterling•Administrative Science Quarterly•2024

  • Racializing the problem of and solution to foreign accent in business

    Vijay A Ramjattan•Applied Linguistics Review•2022

  • “Intensity, anxiety … but also, hope?” Reflections on care, whiteness, and emotions by women of color during the virocene

    Open Access•Aldair Mejía, Danniella Balangoy et al.•Gender Work and Organization•2022

  • Job Tenure and Gendered Perception of Workplace Challenges in Gendered Organizations

    Open Access•Jisu Park, Damaske et al.•Socius Sociological Research for…•2025

  • Glass Ceilings, Step Stools, and Sticky Floors

    Open Access•Christianne Corbett, Katherine E Wullert et al.•Socius Sociological Research for…•2024

  • Will America Work? Racial and Economic Equity in a Post-Covid World”

    Open Access•A H Wingfield•Social Currents•2021

  • What do we mean by broadening participation? Race, inequality, and diversity in tech work

    Open Access•Sharla Alegria•Sociology Compass•2020

  • Everybody that's here, is legal” white employers' racial ideologies in the workplace and justifications for hiring undocumented Latino laborers

    Open Access•Juan L Salinas•Sociology Compass•2024

  • Workplace well‐being

    Open Access•Annika Wilcox, Amanda Koontz•Sociology Compass•2022

  • What's love got to do with it? Passion and inequality in white‐collar work

    Open Access•A H Rao, Megan Tobias Neely•Sociology Compass•2019

  • Diversity initiatives in the US workplace

    Open Access•Sandra Portocarrero, James T Carter•Sociology Compass•2022

  • Being watched and being seen

    Open Access•Sarah Mosseri•New Media & Society•2020

  • Racist targeting and denial in academia

    Angie Beeman, Laud Nii Adjetey•Race Ethnicity and Education•2024

  • Navigating the Field While Black

    Open Access•Cherie M Avent, Aileen Reid et al.•American Journal of Evaluation•2023

  • In public administration and public policy, can theory capture caste

    Ose A Agho•Administrative Theory & Praxis•2022

  • Negotiating racialized organizational spaces and intimacies

    Open Access•Cristina Silva, Michelle Newton‐franci et al.•Gender Work and Organization•2022

  • The cost of crossing gender boundaries

    Open Access•Joss Greene, Woods Ervin•Gender Work and Organization•2024

  • Schools as workplaces

    Open Access•Johanna S Quinn, Myra Marx Ferree•Gender Work and Organization•2017

  • Critical environmental justice and the nature of the firm

    Open Access•I Carrillo, D N Pellow•Agriculture and Human Values•2021

  • Deciding Together as Faculty

    Open Access•Laurel Smith-Doerr, Ethel L Mickey et al.•Journal of Organizational Sociology•2023

  • Anti-racism and substance use treatment

    Sara Matsuzaka, Margaret O Knapp•Journal of Ethnicity in Substance…•2019

  • Ethnic conflict and workplace inequality

    Open Access•D Avent-Holt, T Kristal et al.•Research in Social Stratification…•2025

  • Declining Inequality and Persistent Inequality Structures

    Open Access•Soohyun Roh, N Wilmers•Sociological Science•2026

  • “Diversity is a corporate plan”

    L T Hamilton, Kelly Nielsen et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2022

  • “Why not a blonde woman?” Identity realism and diversity work in New York and in Paris

    L Bereni•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2024

  • Beyond role strain

    Open Access•R E Zambrana, Cecily R Hardaway et al.•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2022

  • A Dynamic Framework for Earnings Inequality between Black and White Men

    Open Access•Chunhui Ren•Social Forces•2022

  • The Inauthenticity of Organizational Diversity Initiatives

    Open Access•Annika Wilcox, N Rajasekar•Sociological Quarterly•2026

  • I Don’t Even Talk About It”

    Ian Rowe-Nicholls, Elizabeth M Lee et al.•Sociological Focus•2024

  • Conforming Critical Diversity

    Annika Wilcox•Sociological Focus•2024

  • Structural Racism, Workforce Diversity, and Mental Health Disparities

    Open Access•Eric Kyere, Sadaaki Fukui•Journal of Racial and Ethnic…•2023

  • The Matching Hierarchies Model

    Open Access•D Auer, Giuliano Bonoli et al.•International Migration Review•2019

  • Human Meanings of Evolving Employment Geographies

    Open Access•W Fan, Phyllis Moen•Social Psychology Quarterly•2026

  • Discrimination in Sentencing

    Open Access•Jun Zhao, Christabel L Rogalin•Social Psychology Quarterly•2024

  • Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Functional Limitations Among U.S.-born Older Adults

    Open Access•Sung S Park, Anne R Pebley et al.•Demography•2025

  • Exploring Black parents’ critical consciousness in relation to their engagement with their children's schools

    Open Access•Aixa D Marchand, Isis H Settles et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2024

  • Advancing a Framework of Racialized Administrative Burdens in Higher Education Policy

    Denisa Gándara, Rosa Maria Acevedo et al.•The Journal of Higher Education•2023

  • Organizational Culture and Ethnic-Racial Socialization in a Racially Diverse Afterschool Urban Debate League

    Open Access•Sebastian Castrechini•American Educational Research…•2025

  • Strategic intersectional identity management strategies amidst identity threats

    Samantha E Erskine, Robert L Bonner et al.•Equal Opportunities International•2025

  • Femininity Anchors

    Open Access•Stephanie Bonne•American Sociological Review•2022

  • Overlooked and underserved

    Open Access•Johanne Jean-Pierre•Journal of Research in Special…•2025

  • Inequality beneath the surface

    Open Access•D De Coninck, Laure Verhulst•Equal Opportunities International•2024

  • Understanding sense of belonging of faculty and staff in higher education

    Open Access•Miguel Wilson, Sayoni Ghosh et al.•Equal Opportunities International•2025

  • Promoting diversity, equity and inclusion through consensus decision-making in the workplace

    Open Access•Krys Standley, Mckenzie Javorka•Equal Opportunities International•2025

  • I Really Feel Like I Was Undergoing Psychological Torture

    J Á Alicea, Julio Alicea•Ethnic studies review•2025

  • My co-workers, my pay, our inequality regime

    Open Access•D Tomaskovic-Devey, J Kerrissey et al.•Social Forces•2025

  • Whiteness and organizations

    Marni Fritz, Amanda Lewis et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2025

  • Life Support

    Open Access•Christine L Williams•American Sociological Review•2021

  • Getting In, Getting Hired, Getting Sideways Looks

    Open Access•A H Wingfield, K Chavez•American Sociological Review•2020

  • All Are Deserving

    Open Access•Anthony Michael Jimenez•American Behavioral Scientist•2022

  • I Can Never Be Too Comfortable

    Open Access•Marci D Cottingham, Austin H Johnson et al.•Qualitative Health Research•2018

  • Consolidated Advantage

    Open Access•N Wilmers, Clem Aeppli•American Sociological Review•2021

  • A Theory of Racialized Organizations

    Open Access•Ray, Victor Ray•American Sociological Review•2019

  • Tokenism and Its Long-Term Consequences

    Open Access•C Childre, Clayton Childress et al.•American Sociological Review•2024

  • I don't know what's racist

    Open Access•Matthew Jerome Schneider•Qualitative Sociology•2022

  • Toward an economic sociology of race

    Open Access•Daniel Hirschman, Laura Garbes•Socio-Economic Review•2021

  • All in it Together'? Ethnoreligious Labour-Market Penalties and the Post-2008 Recession in the UK

    Open Access•Nabil Khattab, Ron Johnston et al.•Environment and Planning A…•2015

  • How Do Singaporeans Connect? Ties Among Chinese, Malays, and Indians

    Open Access•V Chua•American Behavioral Scientist•2015

  • Trauma Pouring

    Open Access•Caleb E Dawson•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2025

  • House Negro or Field Negro

    Open Access•O F Okuwobi, D E Eagle et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•2025

  • The (In)Flexibility of Racial Discrimination

    Open Access•Felipe A Dias, Felipe Dias•Socius Sociological Research for…•2023

  • Privileging Passion

    Open Access•Eli R Wilson•Socius Sociological Research for…•2022

  • Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and the Impact of Workplace Power

    Open Access•J Roscigno•Socius Sociological Research for…•2019

  • The Paradox of Integration

    Open Access•Guadalupe Marquez-Velarde, Rachel Grashow et al.•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2023

  • Reproducing the Privilege of White Femininity

    Open Access•Celeste Vaughan Curington•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2020

  • Documenting the Routine Burden of Devalued Difference in the Professional Workplace

    Open Access•C L Ridgeway, Rachel M Korn et al.•Gender & Society•2022

  • The Future(s) of Work? Disparities Around Changing Job Conditions When Remote/Hybrid or Returning to Working at Work

    Open Access•W Fan, Phyllis Moen•Work and Occupations•2025

  • The Organization of Networking and Gender Inequality in the New Economy

    Open Access•Ethel L Mickey•Work and Occupations•2022

  • Ongoing Remote Work, Returning to Working at Work, or in between during Covid-19

    Open Access•W Fan, Phyllis Moen•Journal of Health and Social…•2023

  • The (Un)Managed Heart

    A H Wingfield•Annual Review of Sociology•2021

  • Culture and Durable Inequality

    Lauren Valentino, Vaisey et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•2022

  • Constructing the Racial Hierarchy of Labor

    Open Access•L Valentino•Sociological Inquiry•2022

  • Blatant, Subtle, and Insidious

    Open Access•R E Zambrana, A H Wingfield et al.•Sociological Inquiry•2017

  • Racialized Equity Labor, University Appropriation and Student Resistance

    Open Access•Veronica Lerma, L T Hamilton et al.•Social Problems•2020

  • Feeling Carcerality

    Open Access•Uriel Serrano•Social Problems•2024

  • Predatory DEI

    Open Access•J Á Alicea•Social Problems•2024

  • Time Won't Give Me Time

    Open Access•Sharla Alegria, P Banerjee•Social Problems•2025

  • Diversity as Philanthropy

    Open Access•O F Okuwobi•Social Problems•2025

  • Handcrafted Careers

    Open Access•Eli R Wilson•Social Problems•2025

  • Emotions and Ambient Racism in America's Whitest Big City

    Open Access•Ashley Woody•Social Problems•2023

  • Categorization by Organizations

    Argun Saatcioglu, Thomas M Skrtic•American Journal of Sociology•2019

  • Outsiders on the inside

    Open Access•K Higgins, Friedman et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2025

  • Cumulative Colorism in Criminal Courts

    Open Access•N Petersen, Yader R Lanuza et al.•Social Science Research•2024

  • Cohort, signaling, and early-career dynamics

    Open Access•Chunhui Ren•Social Science Research•2022

  • Black corporate executives

    Sharon M Collins•Black corporate executives•1997

  • Still a Man's World

    Christine L Williams•Still a Man's World•2023

  • Working Construction

    Kris Paap•Working Construction•2006

  • Black in Blue

    Kenneth Bolton, Joe R Feagin et al.•Black in Blue•2004

  • Still a Man’s World

    Christine L Williams•Still a Man's World•1995

  • Gender and Racial Inequality at Work

    D Tomaskovic-Devey•Gender and Racial Inequality at…•1993

  • Race and the Invisible Hand

    Deirdre A Royster, Deirdre Royster•Race and the Invisible Hand•2019

  • Race and Loss of Privilege

    Open Access•George Wilson, Debra Branch Mcbrier•Sociological Forum•2005

  • Are Some Emotions Marked 'Whites Only'? Racialized Feeling Rules in Professional Workplaces

    A H Wingfield•Social Problems•2010

  • Pathways to Power

    George Wilson•Social Problems•1997

  • Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies

    Open Access•Joan Acker•Gender & Society•1990

  • Nunca Te Toman En Cuenta [They Never Take You Into Account]

    Open Access•Gladys García-López•Gender & Society•2008

  • Soft' Skills and Race

    Open Access•Philip Mo, Philip Moss et al.•Work and Occupations•1996

Unique citing works100
Citations per year9,09
Citation span2015 - 2026 (12)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 95

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae