Nine Levels of Explanation
A Proposed Expansion of Tinbergen’s Four-Level Framework for Understanding the Causes of Behavior
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 5411397 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Melvin Konner (0000-0001-8155-5339, Emory University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Volume | 32 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 748-793 |
| Publication date | 2021-12-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Human Nature (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1045-6767 • E-ISSN: 1936-4776 |
| Publisher | Springer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1007/s12110-021-09414-8 |
| PMID | 34739657 |
| OpenAlex | W3209004899 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 2 |
| References cited | 351 |
Biology · Causation · Cognitive science · Darwinism · Epistemology · Ethology · Evolutionary biology · Gray (unit · Natural selection · Naturalism · Proximate and ultimate causation · Reciprocal · Selection (genetic algorithm · Computer Science · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior · Philosophy · Psychology · Artificial Intelligence
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Language socialization across cultures
Personality and long-term reproductive success measured by the number of grandchildren
Means, variances, and ranges in reproductive success
Others in Mind
The Biology of the Naked Mole-Rat
Intimate Fathers
Developmental Plasticity and Evolution
Death, Hope and Sex
The Origins of Order
Evolution and the Theory of Games
The extended evolutionary synthesis
A critical period for provisioning by Hadza men
Showing off
More Is Different
Bushman birth spacing
Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation
Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts
Gene–environment interplay and psychopathology
Evolutionary psychology
Canalization of Development and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters
Parent-Offspring Conflict
A New Factor in Evolution
Child-to-adult neurodevelopmental and mental health trajectories after early life deprivation
Exaptation—a Missing Term in the Science of Form
The Dawn of Darwinian Medicine
Ecology, Sexual Selection, and the Evolution of Mating Systems
Paleolithic Nutrition
On aims and methods of Ethology
Developmental Constraints and Evolution
The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change
Top 10 Replicated Findings From Behavioral Genetics
Cause and Effect in Biology
Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival
A Critique of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinctive Behavior
The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala
The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I
The Biological Foundations of Language
On The Language Instinct
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Sex differences in human mate preferences
Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine
Evolutionary biology and human social behavior
The Woman That Never Evolved
Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population
Parental Investment and Sexual Selection
Infanticide
Evolution and the Theory of Games
Coevolution
Life History Invariants
Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity
Milk ejection patterns remain consistent during the first and second lactations
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religiousness
The Triumph of Sociobiology
Are we missing the “sweet spot” between optimality theory and niche construction theory in archaeology
A theory of human life history evolution
Evolutionary biology and personality psychology
Natural selection and birthweight
Efe fathers
Behavioral ecology and the future of archaeological science
Acoustic and Temporal Variation in Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) Loud Calls Advertise Male Quality
Cross-Cultural Examination of Links between Parent–Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Psychological Problems in 12 Cultural Groups
The genetic architecture of oral language, reading fluency, and reading comprehension
Spontaneous and elicited smiles and vocalizations of infants in four Israeli environments
Experiential canalization of behavioral development
The Snark was a Boojum
Brain Maturation and Cognitive Development
Navajo Infancy
Navajo Infancy
Death, Hope, and Sex
Leveraging Multiple Populations across Time Helps Define Accurate Models of Human Evolution
Human adoption in evolutionary perspective
Who Responds to Crying
Allomaternal Care among the Hadza of Tanzania
Environmental hypotheses of hominin evolution
Perception, Expression, and Social Function of Pain
Geburtsverhalten und reproduktive Strategien der Eipo
Adoption Among the Inuit
Adoption and Fosterage in Human Societies
Ethnographic Studies of Childhood
Multiple Caretaking of Efe (Pygmy) Infants
Adoption and Kinship in Oceania
The Emergence of Social Smiling
Demographic Anthropology
Brain Plasticity and Human Evolution
Hunter-Gatherers and Human Evolution
Why Do Men Hunt
| Unique citing works | 2 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 1 |
| Citation span | 2024 - 2025 (2) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 2 |