Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

How Money Matters for Young Children's Development

Parental Investment and Family Processes

Bibliographic Data

ID5771034
AuthorsW J J Yeung (0000-0001-7519-5576, New York University), W Jean Yeung (New York University), Miriam R Linver (0000-0002-1470-5779, Teachers College, Columbia University , New York), Jeanne Brooks–gunn (Teachers College, Columbia University , New York)
Year2002
Volume73
Issue6
Pages1861-1879
Publication date2002-11-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueChild Development (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0009-3920 • E-ISSN: 1467-8624
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00511
PMID12487499
OpenAlexW2097612954
LanguageEN
Citations received439
References cited30

This study used data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its 1997 Child Development Supplement to examine how family income matters for young children's development. The sample included 753 children who were between ages 3 and 5 years in 1997. Two sets of mediating factors were examined that reflect two dominating views in the literature: (1) the investment perspective, and (2) the family process perspective. The study examined how two measures of income (stability and level) were associated with preschool children's developmental outcomes (Woodcock-Johnson [W-J] Achievement Test scores and the Behavior Problem Index [BPI]) through investment and family process pathways. Results supported the hypothesis that distinct mediating mechanisms operate on the association between income and different child outcomes. Much of the association between income and children's W-J scores was mediated by the family's ability to invest in providing a stimulating learning environment. In contrast, family income was associated with children's BPI scores primarily through maternal emotional distress and parenting practices. Level of income was associated with W-J letter-word scores and income stability was associated with W-J applied problem scores and BPI, even after all controls were included in the models

Association (psychology · Child development · Family income · Investment · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development · Early Childhood Education and Development · Parental Involvement in Education

  • Early gesture use predicts children’s language development in South Korea

    Open Access•Soo Yun Shin, M Laurens Rowe et al.•Infancy•2024

  • Fathering in the Chilean context

    Open Access•D Aldoney, María Ignacia García et al.•Psicologia•2022

  • Single Mothers in Contemporary Japan

    Yoko Yamamoto•Journal of Japanese Studies•2019

  • Parent Involvement in Education as a Moderator of Family and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context on School Readiness Among Young Children

    Open Access•Sharon Kingston, Keng‐Yen Huang et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2013

  • Measuring child‐rearing goals for parents with young children

    Open Access•Grace W K Ho, Athena C Y Chan et al.•Family Process•2022

  • Conscientiousness

    Nancy Eisenberg, Angela L Duckworth et al.•Developmental Psychology•2014

  • The Dynamics of Opportunity in America

    Open Access•Irwin S Kirsch, Irwin Kirsch et al.•The Dynamics of Opportunity in…•2016

  • Effects of economic hardship

    Open Access•Tricia K Neppl, Jennifer M Senia et al.•Journal of Family Psychology•2016

  • Month-Old Children With Larger Oral Vocabularies Display Greater Academic and Behavioral Functioning at Kindergarten Entry

    Open Access•Paul L Morgan, George Farkas et al.•Child Development•2015

  • The Psychology of Working Theory.

    Ryan D Duffy, David L Blustein et al.•Journal of Counseling Psychology•2016

  • The effect of material hardship on child protective service involvement

    Open Access•Mi-Youn Yang, Mi‐Youn Yang•Child Abuse & Neglect•2015

  • Socioeconomic Status and Preschoolers' Mathematical Knowledge

    Lydia DeFlorio, Amber Beliakoff•Early Education and Development•2015

  • The Contribution of Parenting to Ethnic and Racial Gaps in School Readiness

    Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Lisa Markman•The Future of Children•2005

  • Broadening the FocusThe Need to Address the Social Determinants of Health

    Open Access•Paula A Braveman, Paula Braveman et al.•American Journal of Preventive…•2011

  • Quality of parental homework involvement

    Hanna Dumont, Ulrich Trautwein et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2014

  • Does Higher Quality Early Child Care Promote Low-Income Children’s Math and Reading Achievement in Middle Childhood?

    Open Access•Eric Dearing, Kathleen Mccartney et al.•Child Development•2009

  • The Consequences of Income Instability for Children's Well-Being

    Open Access•Heather D Hill, Pamela Morris et al.•Child Development Perspectives•2013

  • From financial hardship to child difficulties: main and moderating effects of perceived social support

    Open Access•D Mcconnell, Rhonda Breitkreuz et al.•Child Care Health and Development•2011

  • Homelessness Among Families, Children, and Adolescents

    Open Access•Mason G Haber, Paul A Toro•Clinical Child and Family…•2004

  • Human Development in Societal Context

    Aletha C Huston, Alison C Bentley•Annual Review of Psychology•2010

  • Mental health and psychosocial problems among Chinese left-behind children

    Open Access•Wanjie Tang, Gang Wang et al.•Journal of Affective Disorders•2018

  • Economic Disadvantage in Complex Family Systems

    Open Access•Melissa A Barnett•Clinical Child and Family…•2008

  • Income Is Not Enough

    Open Access•Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff, J Lawrence Aber et al.•Child Development•2007

  • Black–White Achievement Gap and Family Wealth

    Open Access•W J J Yeung, W Jean Yeung et al.•Child Development•2008

  • Year effect of Oportunidades, Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme, on child growth, cognition, language, and behaviour

    Open Access•Lia C H Fernald, Lia CH Fernald et al.•The Lancet•2009

  • Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development

    Open Access•Lia C H Fernald, Lia CH Fernald et al.•The Lancet•2008

  • Childhood adversity and neural development

    Open Access•Katie A Mclaughlin, Margaret Sheridan et al.•Neuroscience & Biobehavioral…•2014

  • Poverty is Not Just an Indicator

    Open Access•Ajay Chaudry, Christopher Wimer•Academic Pediatrics•2016

  • The Role of Parent Educational Attainment in Parenting and Children’s Development

    Open Access•Pamela Davis‐kean, Lauren A Tighe et al.•Current Directions in Psychological…•2021

  • Household Socioeconomic Status and Parental Investments

    Open Access•Sharon Wolf, Dana Charles Mccoy•Child Development•2019

  • Home learning environment and development of child competencies from kindergarten until the end of elementary school

    Open Access•Frank Niklas, Wolfgang Schneider•Contemporary Educational Psychology•2017

  • Early-Childhood Poverty and Adult Attainment, Behavior, and Health

    Open Access•Greg J Duncan, Kathleen M Ziol‐guest et al.•Child Development•2010

  • The intergenerational transmission of inequality

    Open Access•Anna Aizer, Janet Currie et al.•Science•2014

  • Family Resources and Parenting Quality

    Open Access•Julieta Lugo‐Gil, Julieta Lugo-Gil et al.•Child Development•2008

  • Parenting and SES

    Open Access•Danielle S Roubinov, William Thomas Boyce•Current Opinion in Psychology•2017

  • The Influence of Parent Education and Family Income on Child Achievement

    Pamela Davis‐kean•Journal of Family Psychology•2005

  • The Social Determinants of Health

    Paula Braveman, Susan Egerter et al.•Annual Review of Public Health•2011

  • Perceived impact of Ghana's conditional cash transfer on child health

    Open Access•Ebenezer Owusu‐Addo•Health Promotion International•2014

  • Does greater purchasing power of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program improve children’s development?

    Open Access•Young‐sun Hong, Youngjin Stephanie Hong•Children and Youth Services Review•2026

  • Family and community resource and stress processes related to income disparities in school-aged children’s development

    Open Access•Elizabeth Votruba‐drzal, Portia Miller et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2021

  • The influence of family size on academic performance of high school students in Ghana

    Open Access•Awinaba Amoah Adongo, Jonathan Mensah Dapaah et al.•SN Social Sciences•2022

  • Effects of family and neighborhood vulnerability on dual language learner and monolingual children’s preschool outcomes

    Open Access•Liz Frechette, Sherri Castle et al.•Frontiers in Education•2023

  • The impact of agricultural disasters on child development in rural China

    Open Access•Sipei Xu, José Miguel Embid Irujo et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2022

  • Semantisches Bewusstsein bei Vorschulkindern

    Open Access•Katrin Odermann, Barbara Mertins•Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissensch…•2026

  • Understanding the intention of Chinese parents to enroll their children in early enrichment programs – A social media perspective

    Yiqing Yu, Xinghua Wang•European Early Childhood…•2020

  • Parental Education-related Gaps in Externalising Behaviour at age 3–4 Years

    Open Access•Anna Volodina, Sabine Weinert et al.•Child & Youth Care Forum•2024

  • Effects of Assisted Housing on Children’s Healthy Development

    Sandra Newman, Sandra J Newman et al.•Housing Policy Debate•2023

  • Family SES, positive involvement, negative discipline and Chinese preschooler’s approaches to learning

    Open Access•Lina Feng, Linlin Yao•Current Psychology•2023

  • Explaining gaps by parental education in children’s early language and social outcomes at age 3–4 years

    Open Access•Anna Volodina, Sabine Weinert et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • Connecting Caregiver Wages and Distress

    Open Access•Margo Campbell, Linda Houser•Families in Society The Journal…•2020

  • Family Well-Being and Self-Sufficiency Service Use in Head Start

    Anamarie Whitaker, Melissa Dahlin•Early Education and Development•2023

  • Poverty, Parent Involvement, and Children’s Reading Skills

    Brittany Gay, Susan Sonnenschein et al.•Early Education and Development•2021

  • The Mediating Role of Negative Parenting and Children’s Mastery Motivation on Socioeconomic Status and Chinese Preschoolers’ Problem Behaviors

    Xunyi Lin, Wanlin Xie et al.•Early Education and Development•2024

  • Parental Material and Time Investment as Mediators Between Family SES and Toddlers’ Development

    Siyan Liu, Bin Tang et al.•Early Education and Development•2024

  • Relationships Between Families and Head Start Staff

    Open Access•Sarah N Lang, Shinyoung Jeon et al.•Early Education and Development•2024

  • Investigating the relationship between family socioeconomic status and online academic help-seeking behaviours

    Open Access•Yuying Fan•International Journal of…•2025

  • The profile of the skilled reader

    Open Access•Amelie Rogiers, Hilde Van Keer et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Parental involvement in low-achieving children’s learning

    Open Access•Laura Cashman, Ricardo Sabates et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Disparities in child cognitive skills by parental education in China

    Open Access•Wang Yi, Yi Wang et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Socioeconomic status, cultural capital, educational attainment and inequality

    Open Access•Wenjie Yang, Guorui Fan et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Literacy Profiles of Kindergarten Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

    Open Access•Samantha S Vann, Alyssa R Henry et al.•Remedial and Special Education•2025

  • Income Effects on the Intellectual Development of Children from Low-Income Families in Hong Kong

    Open Access•Kelvin Chi-Kin Cheung, Richard Kwok-Shing Wong et al.•Child and Adolescent Social Work…•2021

  • The Causal Effect of an Income Shock on Children’s Human Capital

    Cristina Borra, Ana Costa-Ramón et al.•Journal of Labor Economics•2026

  • Are children spending too much time on enrichment activities

    Open Access•Carolina Caetano, Gregorio Caetano et al.•Economics of Education Review•2024

  • Pathways of Disadvantage

    Open Access•Melisa Bubonya, Deborah A Cobb-Clark et al.•Economics of Education Review•2021

  • Protective and risk factors associated with involved fatherhood in a traditional culture

    Open Access•Yasemin Kisbu‐sakarya, Berna Akçınar et al.•Family Relations•2023

  • Early childhood income instability, food insecurity, and adolescents' behavioral health

    Open Access•Liwei Zhang, Rei Shimizu et al.•Family Relations•2023

  • It all starts at home

    Open Access•Qiufeng Gao, Yang Zhang et al.•Journal of Research in Reading•2021

  • Family socioeconomic status and Chinese high school students’ test anxiety

    Open Access•Xiaobo Xu, Mengya Xia et al.•Scandinavian Journal of Psychology•2021

  • Growing Up as Rents Rise

    Open Access•Jennifer Jellison Holme•Review of Educational Research•2022

  • Relationship Between Students’ Home Background and Their Academic Performance

    Open Access•Simon Boateng, David Asare et al.•Journal of Education•2021

  • Annual Research Review

    Open Access•Sara R Jaffee, George Lin et al.•Journal of Child Psychology and…•2025

  • Examining the association between cognitive ability and emotional problems across childhood using a genetically informative design

    Open Access•Meredith X Han, Ivan Voronin et al.•Journal of Child Psychology and…•2025

  • The Role of Childhood Executive Function in Explaining Income Disparities in Long-Term Academic Achievement

    Open Access•LillyBelle K Deer, Paul D Hastings et al.•Child Development•2020

  • Early Years Parenting Mediates Early Adversity Effects on Problem Behaviors in Intellectual Disability

    Open Access•Vasiliki Totsika, Richard P Hastings et al.•Child Development•2020

  • Diverse Experience of Immigrant Children

    Open Access•Yao Lu, Qian He et al.•Child Development•2020

  • Child-directed speech in a large sample of U.S. mothers with low income

    Open Access•Shannon Egan-Dailey, Lisa A Gennetian et al.•Child Development•2024

  • Mothers’ Job Loss and Their Sensitivity to Young Children’s Development

    Open Access•Kate C Prickett•Child Development•2020

  • Parental Wealth and Children’s Cognitive Ability, Mental, and Physical Health

    Open Access•Vanessa Moulton, Alissa Goodman et al.•Child Development•2021

  • Maternal Support of Children’s Math Learning in Associations Between Family Income and Math School Readiness

    Open Access•Caitlin Mcpherran Lombardi, Eric Dearing•Child Development•2021

  • Family Stress Processes and Children's Self-Regulation

    Open Access•Chelsea A K Duran, Elizabeth A Cottone et al.•Child Development•2020

  • Family Structure, Family Instability, and Child Psychological Well-Being in the Context of Migration

    Open Access•Yao Lu, Ruochen Zhang et al.•Child Development•2021

  • Parental Job Loss and Early Child Development in the Great Recession

    Open Access•G Mari, Renske Keizer•Child Development•2021

  • Does adding parent education and workforce training to Head Start promote or interfere with children's development

    Open Access•Terri J Sabol, Elise Chor et al.•Child Development•2024

  • Maternal beliefs about television and parental mediation in a low-income United States sample

    Sarah E Domoff, A L Miller et al.•Journal of Children and Media•2017

  • The Relations Between Parental Socioeconomic Status, Personality, and Life Outcomes

    Open Access•Mona Ayoub, Samuel D Gosling et al.•Social Psychological and…•2018

  • Preschoolers’ vocabulary acquisition in Chile

    Open Access•Regina T Lohndorf, Harriet J Vermeer et al.•Journal of Child Language•2018

  • Effects of phonological and morphological awareness on children’s word reading development from two socioeconomic backgrounds

    Open Access•Rachel Schiff, Einav Lotem•First Language•2011

  • Urbanization and Child Development

    Open Access•Uditi Sen, Umay Sen et al.•Human Development•2024

  • School accountability and the black-white test score gap

    Open Access•M Gaddi, S Michael Gaddis et al.•Social Science Research•2014

  • Birth Weight, Math and Reading Achievement Growth

    Bridget J Goosby, Jacob E Cheadle•Social Forces•2009

  • The influence of socio‐economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles

    Open Access•Ryan Y Hong, Xiao Pan Ding et al.•British Journal of Psychology•2024

  • Beyond adoption status

    T X Tan, Eunsook Kim et al.•American Journal of Orthopsychiatry•2017

  • Development of beliefs in a just world among Chinese early adolescents and the predictive role of family factors

    Open Access•Peng Sun, Xiaonan Yao et al.•Journal of Personality•2024

  • Neighborhood Disadvantage

    Open Access•Dafna E Kohen, Dafna Kohen et al.•Child Development•2008

  • Poverty and Awakening Cortisol in Adolescence

    Open Access•Michael J Mcfarland, Werner Struckmann et al.•Society and Mental Health•2014

  • Poverty Dynamics, Parenting, and Child Mental Health in Canada

    Open Access•Lisa Strohschein, A H Gauthier•Society and Mental Health•2018

  • The Temporal Impact of Economic Insecurity on Child Maltreatment

    Open Access•Aislinn Conrad-Hiebner, Elizabeth Byram•Trauma Violence & Abuse•2020

  • How income relates to young children’s development in different socioeconomic settings in China

    Open Access•Xuejiao Chen, W J J Yeung•Chinese Sociological Review•2024

  • Precarious Childhoods

    Open Access•Siwei Cheng, Kyriaki Kosidou et al.•Social Forces•2020

  • Making Ends Meet

    Kathryn Edin, Laura Lein•Making Ends Meet•1997

  • Advanced Structural Equation Modeling

    George A Marcoulides, Randall E Schumacker•Advanced Structural Equation…•2013

  • From Neurons to Neighborhoods

    Deborah Phillips, Jack P Shonkoff•From neurons to neighborhoods•2000

  • Adolescent Mothers in Later Life

    Open Access•F F Furstenberg, Frank F Jr Furstenberg et al.•Adolescent Mothers in Later Life•1987

  • Behavioral Problems and Competencies Reported by Parents of Normal and Disturbed Children Aged Four Through Sixteen

    Thomas M Achenbach, Craig Edelbrock et al.•Monographs of the Society for…•1981

  • A Family Process Model of Economic Hardship and Adjustment of Early Adolescent Boys

    Rand D Conger, Katherine J Conger et al.•Child Development•1992

  • The development of aggressive behaviour during childhood

    Open Access•Richard E Tremblay•International Journal of…•2000

  • Inference and missing data

    Donald B Rubin•Biometrika•1976

  • Structural Equations with Latent Variables

    Open Access•K A Bollen•Structural Equations with Latent…•1989

  • Families in Troubled Times

    Rand D Conger, Rand Conger et al.•Families in Troubled Times•2020

  • Negotiating Adolescence in Times of Social Change

    Open Access•Glen H Elder, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn et al.•Negotiating Adolescence in Times…•1999

  • Single Mothers in Low-Wage Jobs

    Open Access•Aurora P Jackson, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn et al.•Child Development•2000

  • The Impact of Economic Hardship on Black Families and Children

    Vonnie C Mcloyd•Child Development•1990

  • Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families

    Gary S Becker, Nigel Tomes•Journal of Labor Economics•1986

  • The Effects of Poverty on Children

    Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Greg J Duncan•The Future of Children•1997

  • Choosing among Alternative Programs for Poor Children

    Janet Currie, Janet M Currie•The Future of Children•1997

  • Long-term poverty and child development in the United States

    Open Access•Sanders Korenman, Jane Miller et al.•Children and Youth Services Review•1995

  • Childhood events and circumstances influencing high school completion

    Open Access•Robert Haveman, Betsy Wolfe et al.•Demography•1991

  • The mechanisms mediating the effects of poverty on children’s intellectual development

    Open Access•G Guo, Kathleen Mullan Harris•Demography•2000

  • Economic Stress in Lives

    Open Access•Glen H Elder, Avshalom Caspi•Journal of Social Issues•1988

  • Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers

    Kirby Deater-Deckard, Kirby Deater‐deckard et al.•Developmental Psychology•1996

  • Predicting cognitive-language and social growth curves from early maternal behaviors in children at varying degrees of biological risk

    Susan H Landry, Kristin E Smith et al.•Developmental Psychology•1997

  • Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

    P Lindsay Chase‐lansdale, P Lindsay Chase-Lansdale et al.•Developmental Psychology•1991

  • Maternal coping strategies and emotional distress

    Pamela Kato Klebanov, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn et al.•Developmental Psychology•2001

  • Contemporary research on parenting

    W Andrew Collins, Eleanor E Maccoby et al.•American Psychologist•2000

  • Socialization and development in a changing economy

    Vonnie C Mcloyd•American Psychologist•1989

  • The Black-White Test Score Gap

    Christopher Jencks, Meredith Phillips•Black-White Test Score Gap•2011

  • How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children

    Greg J Duncan, W J J Yeung et al.•American Sociological Review•1998

  • Economic Well-Being Following an Exit from Aid to Families with Dependent Children

    D R Meyer, Maria Cancian•Journal of Marriage and the Family•1998

Unique citing works439
Citations per year19,09
Citation span2003 - 2026 (24)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 433

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae