Conscientiousness
Origins in childhood
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9788217 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Nancy Eisenberg (0000-0002-4780-4538, Arizona State University), Angela L Duckworth (0000-0002-2644-3729, University of Pennsylvania), Tracy L Spinrad (0000-0003-4637-668X, Arizona State University), Carlos Valiente (0000-0001-5742-0020, Arizona State University) |
| Year | 2014 |
| Volume | 50 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 1331-1349 |
| Publication date | 2014-05-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Developmental Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0012-1649 • E-ISSN: 1939-0599 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/a0030977 |
| PMID | 23244405 |
| PMCID | PMC3610789 |
| OpenAlex | W2095944797 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 80 |
| References cited | 97 |
In this review, we evaluate developmental and personality research with the aim of determining whether the personality trait of conscientiousness can be identified in children and adolescents. After concluding that conscientiousness does emerge in childhood, we discuss the developmental origins of conscientiousness with a specific focus on self-regulation, academic motivation, and internalized compliance/internalization of standards. On the basis of the accumulated body of evidence, we conclude that self-regulation fosters conscientiousness later in life, both directly and via academic motivation and internalized compliance with norms. We argue that elements of conscientiousness are evident by early childhood; self-regulation skills are likely a core developmental component of conscientiousness; and despite the contribution of heredity to the aforementioned aspects of functioning, environmental factors likely contribute to conscientiousness
Big Five personality traits · Big Five personality traits and culture · Conscientiousness · Developmental psychology · Externalization · Hierarchical structure of the Big Five · Personality · Personality development · Trait · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development · Cognitive Abilities and Testing · Personality Traits and Psychology · Psychology · Social Psychology
Analysis of Relationships between the Personality Traits and Value Preferences in a Polish Early Adolescent Sample. Do Gender and Age Play a Role
Foundation for a temperament-based theory of antisocial behavior and criminal justice system involvement
Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation
Mean-level personality development across childhood and adolescence
The role of effortful control in the development of ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms
True grit and genetics
Parental educational attainment and adult offspring personality
The development of effortful control from late childhood to young adulthood
The Development of Prosociality from Adolescence to Early Adulthood
Conscientiousness, health, and aging
Emotion-related socialization in the classroom
Dynamic associations among socioeconomic status (SES), parenting investments, and conscientiousness across time and generations
Understanding the role of conscientiousness in healthy aging
Conscientiousness and public health
The significance of early parent-child attachment for emerging regulation
Understanding conscientiousness across the life course
Personality-informed interventions for healthy aging
A new life-span approach to conscientiousness and health
Genetic strategies for probing conscientiousness and its relationship to aging
Evidence for childhood origins of conscientiousness
Will interventions targeting conscientiousness improve aging outcomes
The mindful adolescent
Personality plasticity, healthy aging, and interventions
Conscientiousness in life course context
From early attachment to engagement with learning in school
What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed
Adolescent Abstention From Delinquency
Mindfulness and Procrastination Among University EFL Learners
Biomarkers as Inputs
Genetics of Personality
Predictors of early growth in academic achievement
Self-Control and Academic Achievement
Annual Research Review
Internalizing Symptoms and Reading Difficulties Among Early Elementary School Students
Perceived Partner’s Self-Control and Social Support Effects on Relationship Satisfaction in Couples Experiencing Infertility or Miscarriage
The impact of boarding schools on the development of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities in adolescents
The Mechanism of Cumulative Ecological Risk Affecting College Students’ Sense of Social Responsibility
Self-Control in School-Age Children
Small Effects
Psychological maltreatment in childhood affects fear of missing out in adulthood
A hypothetic model for examining the relationship between happiness, forgiveness, emotional reactivity and emotional security
Inter-brain coupling analysis reveals learning-related attention of primary school students
Can we be too gritty
Maturation or disruption? Conscientiousness development in the transition into adolescence
Parental Educational Responsibility Beliefs, Parenting Efficacy Beliefs, and Adolescents' Academic Achievement in China
Online self‐regulated learning and academic procrastination
Life course predictors of child emotional distress during the Covid ‐19 pandemic
Complex mediating effects of rumination facets between personality traits and depressive symptoms
Preschool Quality Effects on Learning Behavior and Later Achievement in Germany
Income and Sex Moderate the Association Between Population Density and Reproduction
How Hexaco personality traits are involved in school performance of middle school adolescents (10–14 years)
Hexaco Personality Traits and Self-Control as Predictors of Counterproductive Academic Behavior
Covid-19’s impact on learning processes in Australian university students
Prospective Associations of Parenting and Childhood Maltreatment with Personality in Adolescent Males
Self‐regulation in early childhood
Maternal influences on effortful control in adolescence
Procrastination in early childhood
Development and socialization of self-regulation from infancy to adolescence
The validity of the higher‐order structure of effortful control as defined by inhibitory control, attention shifting, and focusing
Specifying Associations Between Conscientiousness and Executive Functioning
Self‐control in early childhood
Becoming more or less mature? The decline of self‐control in middle childhood
Disentangling the Influence of Socioeconomic Risks on Children's Early Self‐Control
Too much of a good thing? Exploring the inverted‐U relationship between self‐control and happiness
On the Cross‐Cultural Replicability of the Resilient, Undercontrolled, and Overcontrolled Personality Types
Self‐regulation in close relationships
Who Takes Music With Them When They Transition to High School
Personality traits and mental health care utilization
Adversity in adolescence predicts personality trait change from childhood to adulthood
Devilish details
Relations between child temperament and adolescent negative urgency in a high-risk sample
The network of conscientiousness
Neuroticism and Conscientiousness as Moderators of the Relation Between Social Withdrawal and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence
Religious and Non-religious Activity Engagement as Assets in Promoting Social Ties Throughout University
Longitudinal Relations Among Parental Substance Use Disorder and Adolescent Drinking Behavior
Embodied Cognition and the Structure of Personality
Examination of Parental Self-Efficacy and Their Beliefs About the Outcomes of Their Parenting Practices
Personal Belief in a Just World and Conscientiousness
The (Unequal) Interplay Between Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills in Early Educational Attainment
Personalidad y metacognición sobre la enseñanza en educadores en cuatro niveles educativos en la Argentina
Empathy and Moral Development
The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research.
Toward a Synthesis of Parental Socialization and Child Temperament in Early Development of Conscience
Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control
Continuity of Adaptation in the Second Year
The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values
Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium
Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament
The Relation of Kindergarten Classroom Environment to Teacher, Family, and School Characteristics and Child Outcomes
Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children
Relations Among Positive Parenting, Children's Effortful Control, and Externalizing Problems
Parenting, coparenting, and effortful control in preschoolers.
Contextual risk and parenting as predictors of effortful control and social competence in preschool children
School as a Context of Early Adolescents' Academic and Social-Emotional Development
Can Instructional and Emotional Support in the First-Grade Classroom Make a Difference for Children at Risk of School Failure?
Prediction of children's academic competence from their effortful control, relationships, and classroom participation.
The Development of Self-Regulation in the First Four Years of Life
The Relations of Effortful Control and Impulsivity to Children's Resiliency and Adjustment
Investigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years
Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance.
Continuity and change in early school engagement
Self-Regulation and School Readiness
CSRP’s Impact on Low-Income Preschoolers’ Preacademic Skills
The Structure of Conscientiousness
Emotion-Related Self-Regulation and Its Relation to Children's Maladjustment
Developmentally Sensitive Measures of Executive Function in Preschool Children
Mechanisms by which childhood personality traits influence adult health status
Parenting and self‐regulation in preschoolers
Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school.
School Engagement
A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Personality Structure as Derived From Parental Ratings of Free Descriptions of Children
Children's Conscience and Self‐Regulation
Children's Behavioral Styles at Age 3 Are Linked to Their Adult Personality Traits at Age 26
Childhood Personality Foreshadows Adult Personality and Life Outcomes Two Decades Later
The Heritability of Personality Is Not Always 50
Heritability of the Big Five Personality Dimensions and Their Facets
Effortful Control as a Personality Characteristic of Young Children
Toward a Structure of Preschool Temperament
Relations among mothers' expressivity, children's effortful control, and their problem behaviors
Four‐Month Attentional Regulation and Its Prediction of Three‐Year Compliance
Performance on Delay Tasks in Early Childhood Predicted Socioemotional and School Adjustment Nine Years Later
Theory, Development, and Interpretation of the CPI Socialization Scale
The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation
Effects of a Punitive Environment on Children's Executive Functioning
Moral Development
Mothers’ Regulation Strategies in Response to Toddlers’ Affect
The Role of Socialization, Effortful Control, and Ego Resiliency in French Adolescents' Social Functioning
Maternal limit setting during toddlerhood, delay of gratification, and behavior problems at age five
A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self-control measures
A lexical investigation of the lower-order structure of conscientiousness
Developing a model for adult temperament
Socialization and Individual Antecedents of Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Moral Motivation
Toddlers' self-regulated compliance to mothers, caregivers, and fathers
From early attachment to engagement with learning in school
Integrating prospective longitudinal data
Where self-control comes from
Antecedents of self-regulation
Genetic strategies for probing conscientiousness and its relationship to aging
The influence of mother–child emotion regulation strategies on children's expression of anger and sadness
Children's conscience during toddler and preschool years, moral self, and a competent, adaptive developmental trajectory
Paths from socioemotional behavior in middle childhood to personality in middle adulthood
Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys
Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers' effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence
Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children's transition to adolescence
Math and science motivation
Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification
Developmental trajectories in toddlers' self-restraint predict individual differences in executive functions 14 years later
Strategic attention deployment for delay of gratification in working and waiting situations
Effortful control among low-income preschoolers in three cities
Pre- and postbirth antecedents of 2-year-old attention, capacity for relationships, and verbal expressiveness
Predicting Stability and Change in Toddler Behavior Problems
Social risk and protective factors for African American children's academic achievement and adjustment during the transition to middle school
Mothers' teaching strategies and children's effortful control
Temperament, Relationships, and Young Children's Receptive Cooperation With Their Parents
The effects of parental scaffolding on preschoolers' executive function
Economic pressure in African American families
Effortful control in early childhood
Autonomy as competence in 2-year-olds
What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed
Longitudinal relations among maternal behaviors, effortful control and young children's committed compliance
A longitudinal study of emotion expression and personality relations in early development
Linking childhood personality with adaptation
Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample
Does childhood personality predict longevity
Guilt and effortful control
Can Children Provide Coherent, Stable, and Valid Self-Reports on the Big Five Dimensions? A Longitudinal Study From Ages 5 to 7
Hierarchical subcomponents of the Big Five personality factors
The Environment of Childhood Poverty
How Money Matters for Young Children's Development
Schools as Developmental Contexts During Adolescence
Research on Divorce
Parental Childrearing Attitudes as Correlates of Father Involvement During Infancy
Temperamental Vulnerability and Negative Parenting as Interacting Predictors of Child Adjustment
| Unique citing works | 80 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5,71 |
| Citation span | 2012 - 2025 (14) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 54 |