Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 5776902 |
|---|---|
| Authors | J Philippe Rushton (Western University), Arthur R Jensen (University of California, Berkeley) |
| Year | 2005 |
| Volume | 11 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 235-294 |
| Publication date | 2005-04-19 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Psychology Public Policy and Law (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1076-8971 • E-ISSN: 1939-1528 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235 |
| OpenAlex | W2110295154 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 69 |
| References cited | 171 |
The culture-only (0% genetic-100% environmental) and the hereditarian (50% genetic-50% environmental) models of the causes of mean Black-White differences in cognitive ability are compared and contrasted across 10 categories of evidence: the worldwide distribution of test scores, g factor of mental ability, heritability, brain size and cognitive ability, transracial adoption, racial admixture, regression, related life-history traits, human origins research, and hypothesized environmental variables.The new evidence reviewed here points to some genetic component in Black-White differences in mean IQ.The implication for public policy is that the discrimination model (i.e., Black-White differences in socially valued outcomes will be equal barring discrimination) must be tempered by a distributional model (i.e., Black-White outcomes reflect underlying group characteristics).Section 1: Background Throughout the history of psychology, no question has been so persistent or so resistant to resolution as that of the relative roles of nature and nurture in causing individual and group differences in cognitive ability (Degler, 1991;Loehlin, Lindzey, & Spuhler, 1975).The scientific debate goes back to the mid-19th century (e.g., Galton, 1869;Nott & Glidden, 1854).Starting with the widespread use of standardized mental tests in World War I, average ethnic and racial group differences were found.Especially vexing has been the cause(s) of the 15-point Black-White IQ difference in the United States.In 1969, the Harvard Educational Review published Arthur Jensen's lengthy article, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and School Achievement?"Jensen concluded that (a) IQ tests measure socially relevant general ability; (b) individual differences in IQ have a high heritability, at least for the White populations of the United States and Europe; (c) compensatory educational programs have proved generally ineffective in raising the IQs or school achievement of individuals or groups; (d) because social mobility is linked to ability, social class differences in IQ probably have an appreciable genetic component; and tentatively, but most controversially, (e) the mean Black-White group difference in IQ probably has some genetic component
Cognitive Abilities and Testing · Cultural Differences and Values · Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
The Nature/Culture of Genetic Facts
Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested Comparing Saudi Arabian Children and Adolescents With Various Other Groups of Children and Adolescents on the Items of the Standard Progressive Matrices
A Critical Review of Richard Lynn's Reports on Reaction Time and Race
The comparative analysis of intelligence
Hereditarianism
Bias in Psychological Assessment
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray)
Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States
The Quest for Human Nature
A Confirmation of Validity of Educational Attainment as a Measure of Intelligence in Different Geographical Areas
Mentor support and postgraduate research ability
The Mismeasure of Culture
Between-Group Mean Differences in Intelligence in the United States Are >0% Genetically Caused
No support for the hereditarian hypothesis of the Black–White achievement gap using polygenic scores and tests for divergent selection
From Speculation to Epistemological Violence in Psychology
Epistemic violence in psychological science
Why mainstream research will not end scientific racism in psychology
Race, Nativity, Ethnicity, and Cultural Influences in the Sociology of Mental Health
Making Race Out of Nothing
Sport, race, et politique
Can everyone become highly intelligent? Cultural differences in and societal consequences of beliefs about the universal potential for intelligence
Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States
Meritocracy 2.0
IQ and the health of states
Representaciones sociales de inteligencia y los valores culturales que las enmarcan
IQ Variations across Time, Race, and Nationality
Implications of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory on Ethnic Differences in IQ
Implications of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory on Ethnic Differences in Iq
Race as Social Construct
Racial Earnings Disparities with Endogenous Labor Market Participation
Rethinking scientific authority
Sexuality, normality and intelligence. What is queer theory up against
The Generality and Consequences of Stereotype Threat
Gould on Morton, Redux
White Americans' Genetic Lay Theories of Race Differences and Sexual Orientation
Exploring the various interpretations of “test bias”
Heredity, environment, and race differences in IQ
There are no public-policy implications
Data, Code, and Discourses of Difference in Genomics
In-Group Bias and Inter-Group Dialogue in Canadian Multiculturalism
The guise of the gentleman scholar
Feminist Radical Empiricism, Values, and Evidence
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Academic Motivation Scale With Black College Students
Softly, softly
Empirical Race Psychology and the Hermeneutics of Epistemological Violence
Taking advantage
A meta-analysis of trait mindfulness
African IQ and Mental Retardation
Half a century later and we're back where we started
Different Differences
How White nationalists mobilize genetics
Testing the Model Minority Stereotype
Black high school students’ critical racial awareness, school-based racial socialization, and academic resilience
Paleoclimatic Variation and Brain Expansion during Human Evolution
Boas and the metaphysics of race in the biological race debate
Broadening Cognitive Science in Nigeria
Beyond Reductionism in the Study of Aging
What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true
The cultural malleability of intelligence and its impact on the racial/ethnic hierarchy
Wanted
Evolutionary Psychology and Normal Science
Who Are the Bright Children? The Cultural Context of Being and Acting Intelligent
The geography of tyranny and despair
Assessment of cognitive abilities in multiethnic countries
Intelligence of Culture
The IQ Wars Reconsidered
Race, Genomics, and Philosophy of Science
Grand anthropological themes
Are Special Education Labels Accurate for Black Children? Racial Differences in Academic Trajectories of Youth Diagnosed With Specific Learning and Intellectual Disabilities
Galton Lecture
The intelligence of six-year-olds in Hong Kong
Estimating the determinants of cognitive achievement in low-income countries
The Abilities and Achievements of Orientals in North America
Two cases of microvillus inclusion disease caused by MYO5B deficiency with prenatal abnormalities
Worldwide Variation in Human Growth
Inquiries into human faculty and its development.
Death, Hope and Sex
IQ and the Wealth of Nations
Race, Social Class, and IQ
The relationship between academic and practical intelligence
Strong Inference
Temne and Eskimo Perceptual Skills
How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement
No more than skin deep
XV.—The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance.
Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects
Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population-Specific Alleles
Why are children in the same family so different from one another?
Genes, Evolution, and Personality
The Raven's Progressive Matrices
Why g matters
Childhood Experience, Interpersonal Development, and Reproductive Strategy
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Equality of educational opportunity
The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
An American Dilemma
Theory and Research on `Race' as a Natural Kind Variable in Psychology
Group Differences in Aptitude Factor Structure on the Asvab
In Search of Human Nature
Sur les crânes de Solutré
Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Extension of Guttman's Result From g to PC1
A Note on Schonemann's Refutation of Spearman's Hypothesis
Spearman's Hypothesis
No more than skin deep
IQ test performance of Black children adopted by White families
Sociopolitical diversity in psychology
Searching for justice
Looking down on human intelligence
No more than skin deep
Sociopolitical diversity in psychology
Never a dull moment
The Sidney Hook Memorial Award Address
Ethnic differences in duration of pregnancy
Ethnic difference in duration of pregnancy
Black-White Differences in Reaction Times and Intelligence
Intelligence, race, and genetics
Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans
Human Variation
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Disease
Ability Testing
The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy
An Exploratory Study of the Use of the Austin Maze in South Africa
Spearman's Hypothesis and Test Score Differences Between Whites, Indians, and Blacks in South Africa
Cumulative deficit in IQ of Blacks in the rural South
Cumulative deficit
Intellectual and adaptive performance of Asian children in adoptive American settings
Family socialization and the IQ test performance of traditionally and transracially adopted Black children
Genius, Fame and the Comparison of Races
Elitism and Meritocracy in Developing Countries
Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing
The two disciplines of scientific psychology
Ability factors and environmental influences
Intelligence
Progress and Degeneration in the ‘IQ Debate’ (I)
Progress and Degeneration in the ‘IQ Debate’ (II)
Cranial capacity and linear dimensions, in White and Negro
IQ, Birth Weight, and Number of Sexual Partners in White, African American, and Mixed Race Adolescents
Brain Size, Cranial Morphology, Climate, and Time Machines [and Comments and Reply]
Testing
How people make their own environments
The Black-White Test Score Gap
A threat in the air
The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology
Massive IQ gains in 14 nations
Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior
The mean IQ of Americans
Behavioral development and construct validity
Implications of Military Selection and Classification in Relation to Universal Military Training
Easier Test Improves Prediction of Black Students' College Grades
Intelligence, Political Inequality, and Public Policy
Race Differences in Intelligence
| Unique citing works | 69 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,29 |
| Citation span | 2005 - 2026 (22) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 65 |