Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Business Improvement Districts

Policy Origins, Mobile Policies and Urban Liveability

Bibliographic Data

ID5877644
AuthorsKelly Ward (0000-0002-3810-0889, University of Manchester, corresponding author), Kevin Ward (0009-0009-7153-8872)
Year2007
Volume1
Issue3
Pages657-672
Publication date2007-05-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueGeography Compass (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1749-8198 • E-ISSN: 1749-8198
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00022.x
OpenAlexW1977020964
LanguageEN
Citations received92
References cited43

This article reviews the trans-nationalisation of Business Improvement Districts. It outlines the geographical and ideological origins of this much-heralded approach to downtown governance, and the means through which it has found itself in such diverse settings as Cape Town in South Africa, Kruševac in Serbia and Liverpool in the UK. Analysing the emergence of Business Improvement Districts in terms of the external edges of the state and its internal architecture, on the one hand, and, on the other, in the context of discussions around urban liveability, this article reviews work across geography, planning, political science and sociology. It concludes by arguing that Business Improvement Districts are both interesting in their own right, for what they reveal about contemporary trans-national trends in urban governance, and for what they what they have to say about wider processes of neoliberal urbanisation

Archaeology · City region · Civil engineering · Corporate governance · Downtown · Economic geography · Economic growth · Economics · Economy · Geography · Governmentality · Ideology · Management · Political science · Politics · Regional science · Urban planning · Urban policy · Urbanization · Engineering · Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism · Law · Public Administration · Public Policy and Administration Research · Urban Planning and Governance

  • Small town urbanization and project experimentation in Pangandaran Region, Indonesia

    Open Access•Wahyu Kusuma Astuti, Nadia Ayu Rahma Lestari et al.•HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of…•2021

  • Policy mobilities, 'informational infrastructures' and the 'digital turn

    Open Access•Kelly Ward•Geography Compass•2024

  • Velomobilities

    Open Access•Gordon Waitt, Ian Buchanan•Geography Compass•2023

  • Shopping centres in decline

    Open Access•Pedro Porfírio Coutinho Guimarães•Cities•2019

  • Urban Geography

    Open Access•Rita Schneider-Sliwa•International Encyclopedia of the…•2015

  • Nonprofit organizations as policy transfer agents

    Open Access•Malvina Ferra, Fumihiko Seta et al.•Journal of Urban Affairs•2026

  • Entrepreneurial Urbanism, Policy Tourism, and the Making Mobile of Policies

    Open Access•Kelly Ward, Kevin Ward•The New Blackwell Companion to…•2011

  • Town Centre Management

    Pedro Porfírio Coutinho Guimarães•Planning Practice and Research•2018

  • The Geographies of Policy Translation

    Open Access•Rhys Jones, Jessica Pykett et al.•Environment and Planning C…•2014

  • Policy Assemblages, Mobilities and Mutations

    Open Access•Erin Mccann, Eugene Mccann et al.•Political Studies Review•2012

  • Circulation internationale et construction sociale d'un « modèle » de gestion des services urbains

    Élisabeth Peyroux•L’Espace géographique•2012

  • Developing a framework for assessing the impact of public art for main streets

    Natasha Francis, Tom Griffin•Journal of Place Management and…•2026

  • Producing a place to stay? Partnership governance, planning, and the (re)creation of public space in Fittja, Stockholm

    Open Access•Oldouz Nejadi•European Planning Studies•2026

  • Translocal action research to Stop the Sweeps

    Open Access•Erin Goodling•Radical Housing Journal•2020

  • Unintended consequences of the earthquake-prone building legislation

    Open Access•Itohan Esther Aigwi, Olga Filippova et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2020

  • Shopping and Urbanity

    Fangping Rao, Kim Dovey•Planning Theory & Practice•2021

  • Shopping centre morphologies in transition

    Open Access•Fangping Rao, Fujie Rao•URBAN DESIGN International•2020

  • How policies become best practices

    Open Access•Oliver Blake, Meredith Glaser et al.•European Planning Studies•2021

  • Advancing Sustainable Last-Mile Delivery with Collaborative Governance

    Tsu‐Jui Cheng, Tsung-Hsin Tseng et al.•Urban Policy and Research•2025

  • Creative improvement, cultural infrastructure and urban zones

    Open Access•Abigail Gilmore, Claire Burnill-Maier•City Culture and Society•2025

  • The Business of Improving Neighborhoods. A Critical Overview of Neighborhood-Based Business Improvement Districts (NBIDs) in Sweden

    Open Access•Dragan Kusevski, Maja Stalevska et al.•Urban Affairs Review•2023

  • Urban geographies I

    Open Access•J M Jacobs•Progress in Human Geography•2012

  • Business improvement districts, class turf war and the strategic weaponisation of class monopoly rent

    Open Access•Matthew Anderson, Zachary Arms•Urban Studies•2023

  • Solutions in search of a problem

    Open Access•Clayton Valli, Kristian Olesen et al.•Environment and Planning C…•2024

  • Im)mobile and (Un)successful? A policy mobilities approach to New Orleans’s residential security taxing districts

    Open Access•Aaron Malone•Environment and Planning C…•2018

  • Exploring the concept of town centre paradigms and how they impact on town centre retail landscapes

    Open Access•Alan Hehir, Gary Warnaby et al.•Environment and Planning C…•2022

  • Transfers, taxes and tariffs

    Liza Rose Cirolia, Glen Robbins•Area Development and Policy•2021

  • A just urban ecosystem service governance at the neighbourhood level- perspectives from Sofielund, Malmö, Sweden

    Open Access•Johanna Alkan Olsson, Jonas Brunner et al.•Environmental Science & Policy•2020

  • Reclaiming the European City and Lobbying for Privilege

    Open Access•B Michel, Christian Stein•Urban Affairs Review•2014

  • The co-production of purified space

    Open Access•Eick, Volker Eick•European Urban and Regional Studies•2012

  • Learning from failed policy mobilities

    Open Access•Christian Stein, B Michel et al.•European Urban and Regional Studies•2015

  • Introducing Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) in Sweden

    Open Access•Clayton Valli, Feras Hammami•European Urban and Regional Studies•2020

  • Conferences, informational infrastructures and mobile policies

    Open Access•Ian R Cook, Kelly Ward•European Urban and Regional Studies•2012

  • Business Improvement Districts (BIDs)

    Open Access•Élisabeth Peyroux, Robert Pütz et al.•European Urban and Regional Studies•2012

  • Towards business improvement districts in Denmark

    Open Access•Martin Richner, Kristian Olesen•European Urban and Regional Studies•2018

  • Mobility policy through the lens of policy mobility

    Open Access•Constance Carr, Mary Hesse•Journal of Transport Geography•2020

  • Toward Urban-Oriented Shopping Center Development in the Post-Covid Era? Learning from Shopping Centers with Apple Store

    Open Access•Fangping Rao, Luofu Liu•Journal of Planning Education and…•2023

  • Where are the police in urban governance? Three investigations of police, planning, and governance in central Atlanta

    Stephen Averill Sherman•Journal of Urban Affairs•2022

  • Political geography

    Open Access•Lynn A Staeheli•Progress in Human Geography•2009

  • Discrete emergence of neoliberal policies on public space

    Dicle Kızıldere, Francesco Chiodelli•Urban Geography•2017

  • Why Not a World City? Astana, Ankara, and Geopolitical Scripts in Urban Networks

    Natalie Koch•Urban Geography•2013

  • Policy Boosterism, Policy Mobilities, and the Extrospective City

    Open Access•Erin Mccann•Urban Geography•2013

  • Creating a Personality for Downtown

    Kelly Ward•Urban Geography•2007

  • A Global Solution to Local Urban Crises?Comparing Discourses on Business Improvement Districts in Cape Town and Hamburg

    B Michel•Urban Geography•2013

  • Are drugs bad for business (improvement districts)? Policy mobility, security planning, and frontier politics

    Philip Boland, Philip J Boland et al.•Urban Geography•2026

  • Relational Comparisons

    Ian R Cook, Kelly Ward•Urban Geography•2012

  • Mechanisms of mutation

    Kevin Fox Gotham•Urban Geography•2014

  • We are the forerunners in Southern Europe

    Open Access•Diogo Gaspar Silva, Lluís Frago et al.•Urban Geography•2024

  • Loose threads

    Open Access•Ola Söderström, Stephanie Geertman•Singapore Journal of Tropical…•2013

  • Geographies of policy knowledge

    Open Access•Rachel Bok, Neil M Coe•Cities•2017

  • Relationality/territoriality

    Open Access•Erin Mccann, Eugene Mccann et al.•Geoforum•2009

  • Behaviour Change policies in the UK

    Rhys Dafydd Jones, Rhys Jones et al.•Geoforum•2013

  • Mobilization, assembling and translation of integrated urban development policy in Ukraine

    Vladyslav Tyminskyi•Planning Practice and Research•2024

  • The Regeneration Process of Entertainment Zones and the Business Improvement Area Model

    SÉBASTIEN DARCHEN•Planning Practice and Research•2013

  • Effects of business improvement districts on firm performance, property values and urban safety

    Sven‐Olov Daunfeldt, Oana Mihaescu et al.•Regional Studies•2023

  • A review of the impacts of Business Improvement Districts on crime and disorder

    Open Access•Emily Moir, Natalee Cairns et al.•Crime Prevention and Community…•2024

  • Reframing high street viability

    Open Access•Nikos Ntounis, Regine Sønderland Saga et al.•Cities•2023

  • What they talk about when they talk about urban regeneration

    Open Access•Xueying Chen, Jie Duan•Cities•2022

  • Business Improvement Districts as important influencers for changing to sustainable urban freight

    Open Access•Alena Brettmo, Michael Browne•Cities•2020

  • A multi-disciplinary approach to policy transfer research

    Erin Mccann, Eugene Mccann et al.•Policy Studies•2013

  • The Politics of Policy Circulation

    Open Access•Astrid Wood•Antipode•2015

  • Alive after five’

    Open Access•Robert Shaw•Urban Studies•2015

  • Shaping the Urban Renaissance

    Open Access•Nadine Marquardt, Henning Füller et al.•Urban Studies•2013

  • Bilbao and Barcelona ‘in Motion’. How Urban Regeneration ‘Models’ Travel and Mutate in the Global Flows of Policy Tourism

    Open Access•Susana González, Sara Gonzalez•Urban Studies•2011

  • Ambassadors, Business Improvement District Governance and Knowledge of the Urban

    Open Access•Randy K Lippert, Randy Lippert et al.•Urban Studies•2012

  • The new private urban governance

    Open Access•Randy K Lippert, Debra Mackinnon et al.•Urban Studies•2024

  • Fifty years of Business Improvement Districts

    Open Access•Daniel Kudla•Urban Studies•2022

  • Business Improvement Associations and Public Area Video Surveillance in Canadian Cities

    Open Access•Kevin Walby, Sean P Hier et al.•Urban Studies•2013

  • Policy learning and sustainable urban transitions

    Open Access•Alistair Sheldrick, James Evans et al.•Urban Studies•2017

  • Trans-urban Networks of Learning, Mega Events and Policy Tourism

    Open Access•Ian R Cook, Kelly Ward et al.•Urban Studies•2011

  • A comparison of public and private partnership models for urban commercial revitalization in Canada and Spain

    Open Access•Ana Espinosa Seguí, Ana Espinosa et al.•Canadian Geographies /…•2016

  • Urban Policy Mobilities and Global Circuits of Knowledge

    Erin Mccann, Eugene Mccann•Annals of the Association of…•2011

  • Entrepreneurial Urbanism and Business Improvement Districts in the State of Wisconsin

    Kelly Ward, Kevin Ward•Annals of the Association of…•2010

  • Qujing ( 取经) as policy mobility with Chinese characteristics

    Open Access•Yu Zhou•Environment and Planning A…•2021

  • Moving ideas

    Open Access•Erin Mccann•Progress in Human Geography•2026

  • Grappling with Governance

    Open Access•Nathaniel M Lewis•Urban Affairs Review•2010

  • Geographies of Policy Mobilities

    Open Access•Cristina Temenos, Erin Mccann et al.•Geography Compass•2013

  • Public Space in non-Western Contexts

    Open Access•J Qian•Geography Compass•2014

  • Policies on the Move

    Tom Baker, Ian R Cook et al.•Annals of the American…•2016

  • Social Mix' and Neighbourhood Revitalization in a Transatlantic Perspective

    Open Access•Damaris Rose, Annick Germain et al.•International Journal of Urban…•2013

  • Urban Policy Mobilities Research

    Open Access•Tom Baker, Cristina Temenos•International Journal of Urban…•2015

  • Managing territorial stigmatization from the 'middle

    Open Access•Daniel Kudla, Michael Courey•Environment and Planning A…•2019

  • Defensible Space on the Move

    Open Access•J M Jacobs, Loretta Lees•International Journal of Urban…•2013

  • The Influence of Philanthropic Foundations on City Government Innovation

    Open Access•Ruth Puttick•International Journal of Urban…•2023

  • Reappearance of the Public

    Open Access•Anne Montgomery, Alesia Montgomery•International Journal of Urban…•2016

  • The Comparative City

    Open Access•Colin Mcfarlane•International Journal of Urban…•2010

  • Planning Histories and Practices of Circulating Urban Knowledge

    Open Access•Andrew Harris, Susan Moore•International Journal of Urban…•2013

  • Community BIAs as Practices of Assemblage

    Open Access•Katharine N Rankin, Jim Delaney•Environment and Planning A…•2011

  • The Local Politics of Policy Mobility

    Open Access•Cristina Temenos, Erin Mccann et al.•Environment and Planning A…•2012

  • Assembling Urbanism

    Open Access•Erin Mccann, Eugene Mccann et al.•Environment and Planning A…•2012

  • Placing Power in the Creative City

    Open Access•John Paul Catungal, Deborah Leslie•Environment and Planning A…•2009

  • Business improvement areas and the socio-cultural power of lobbying

    Open Access•Daniel Kudla•Environment and Planning A…•2021

  • Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society

    Allen J Scott, Allen Scott et al.•Urbanization and Urban Planning…•2018

  • Business Improvement Districts

    Open Access•Kelly Ward, Kevin Ward•International Encyclopedia of…•2017

  • Spaces of Neoliberalism

    Open Access•Neil Brenner, Nik Theodore•Spaces of Neoliberalism•2002

  • Importing Ideas

    Lorlene Hoyt•International Journal of Public…•2006

  • The Fortress City

    Open Access•Susan Christopherson•Post‐Fordism•1994

  • A Government for Our Time? Business Improvement Districts and Urban Governance

    Richard Briffault•Columbia Law Review•1999

  • The Penalisation of Poverty and the rise of Neo-Liberalism

    Open Access•L Wacquant•European Journal on Criminal…•2001

  • Powers of Freedom

    Open Access•Nikolas Rose, Nikolas S Rose•Powers of Freedom•1999

  • From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism

    D C Harvey, David Harvey•Geografiska Annaler Series B…•1989

  • Who Learns What from Whom

    Open Access•David P Dolowitz, DAVID DOLOWITZ et al.•Political Studies•1996

  • How penal common sense comes to europeans

    Open Access•L Wacquant•European Societies•1999

  • The limits to contemporary urban redevelopment ‘Doing’ entrepreneurial urbanism in Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester

    Kelly Ward, Kevin Ward•City•2003

  • Neoliberalism and the urban condition

    Neil Brenner, Nik Theodore•City•2005

  • The entrepreneurial city

    Open Access•Tim Hall, P Hubbard•Progress in Human Geography•1996

  • Geography and public policy

    Open Access•J Peck•Progress in Human Geography•2003

  • Neoliberalizing states

    Open Access•J Peck•Progress in Human Geography•2001

  • Business Improvement Districts and the Management of Innovation

    Open Access•Jerry Mitchell•The American Review of Public…•2001

  • Toward A Contingent Urban Neoliberalism

    David Wilson•Urban Geography•2004

  • Reinventing the Johannesburg inner city

    Open Access•Lindsay Bremner•Cities•2000

  • Neoliberalizing Space

    Open Access•J Peck, Adam Tickell•Antipode•2002

  • Best Places

    Open Access•Erin Mccann, Eugene J Mccann•Urban Studies•2004

  • Learning Lessons and Transferring Policy across Time, Space and Disciplines

    Open Access•Diane Stone•Politics•1999

  • The Privatisation of Public Space? The American Experience of Business Improvement Districts and their Relationship to Local Governance

    M Steel, Mark F J Steel et al.•Local Government Studies•2005

  • British Employment Policy in the 1980s

    Open Access•David P Dolowitz•Governance•1997

  • Understanding Cross National Policy Transfers

    Open Access•Harold Wolman•Governance•1992

  • Learning from Abroad

    Open Access•David P Dolowitz, D Marsh•Governance•2000

  • Exporting workfare/importing welfare-to-work

    Open Access•J Peck, Nik Theodore•Political Geography•2001

  • Geography and public policy

    Open Access•J Peck•Progress in Human Geography•2004

  • Do Business Improvement District Organizations Make a Difference

    Open Access•Lorlene Hoyt, Lorlene M Hoyt•Journal of Planning Education and…•2005

  • Policies in Motion', Urban Management and State Restructuring

    Open Access•Kelly Ward, Kevin Ward•International Journal of Urban…•2006

  • Expertise, Truth, and Urban Policy Mobilities

    Open Access•Erin Mccann, Eugene J Mccann•Environment and Planning A…•2008

  • From Exclusion to Inclusion

    Open Access•R A Tomlinson, R Tomlinson•Environment and Planning A…•1999

Unique citing works92
Citations per year4,84
Citation span2007 - 2026 (20)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 88

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae