Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Religion and International Relations theory

Towards a mutual understanding

Bibliographic Data

ID6060741
AuthorsNukhet A Sandal (0000-0002-6564-7468, Brown University, corresponding author), Patrick James (0009-0003-5901-7907, University of Southern California)
Year2011
Volume17
Issue1
Pages3-25
Publication date2011-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueEuropean Journal of International Relations (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1354-0661 • E-ISSN: 1460-3713
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/1354066110364304
OpenAlexW2157147961
LanguageEN
Citations received77
References cited114

Until the end of the Cold War, it is not an exaggeration to say that only a few theorists of International Relations (IR) or policy-makers engaged in either substantial investigation or articulation of the links between cultural variables like religion and ethnicity on one hand and international affairs on the other. In our article, we argue that this pattern does not do justice to the nature of mainstream IR theories. Although studies are accumulating, how (or whether) religion as a variable can be integrated into mainstream IR thinking still remains in question. We look at three main traditions in IR theory — classical realism, structural realism and neoliberalism — to see how religion can contribute to our understanding of international affairs within those frameworks. We claim that, without stretching the limits of theories or disturbing their intellectual coherence, possibilities for two-way interactions between the frameworks and identity-related variables like religion can be identified

Dialectic · Epistemology · International relations · International relations theory · Mainstream · Political science · Politics · Realism · Social science · Sociology · Law · Philosophy · Political Conflict and Governance · Religion and Society Interactions · Religion, Society, and Development

  • Reflexivity in External Religious Leaders’ Summit Communication Sequences (2005-2012) to G8 Political Leaders

    Open Access•Sherrie Steiner, Sherrie M Steiner•SAGE Open•2013

  • Reflexive Governance Dynamics Operative Within Round One of World Religious Leaders’ Dialogue With the G8 (2005-2013)

    Open Access•Sherrie Steiner, Sherrie M Steiner•SAGE Open•2013

  • Why was there no religious war in premodern East Asia

    Open Access•David C Kang•European Journal of International…•2014

  • Religion Research in International Relations

    John A Rees•Australian Journal of Political…•2013

  • Religion, rationalism and civil war

    Mujtaba Isani, Mujtaba Ali Isani•African Security Review•2020

  • Islamic Soft Power in the Age of Trump

    James B Hoesterey•Islam and Christian–Muslim…•2020

  • Religious Dimensions of Political Conflict and Violence

    Open Access•Rogers Brubaker•Sociological Theory•2015

  • Renaissance Catholicism and Contemporary Liberalism

    Open Access•David Hughes, David A Hughes•Journal of Religious Ethics•2014

  • Religious Movements

    Open Access•T Sturm•The Wiley Blackwell Companion to…•2015

  • Faith-based Diplomacy and Interfaith Dialogue

    Scott Blakemore•Brill Research Perspectives in…•2019

  • Religião, política e liberdade

    Open Access•Gabriela Pelles Schneider, Gabriela Schneider et al.•Estudos de religião•2020

  • The Birth of “Religion and International Relations”

    Open Access•Nicholas Adams•Journal of the American Academy…•2021

  • Backlash against Liberalism, Views of Importance of Religion, and Perceptions of Vladimir Putin Abroad

    Open Access•Nikola Mirilovic, Myung-Hee Kim•International Studies Perspectives•2025

  • Religiosity and Bellicosity

    Kathryn J Alexander•Journal of Global Security Studies•2017

  • Religion and (Global) Politics

    Open Access•Paul Kratochvil, Petr Kratochvíl•International Studies Review•2023

  • What Is Christendom to Us? Making Better Sense of Christianity in Global Politics

    Open Access•John Heathershaw•International Studies Review•2023

  • Internasionalisasi Bahasa Indonesia Di Asean

    Open Access•Gilang Nur Alam, Emil Mahyudin et al.•Jurnal Dinamika Global•2022

  • The resurgence of religion in international relations

    Open Access•Shameer Modongal•Cogent Social Sciences•2023

  • The Role of Apocalyptic Prophecies in Isis Terrorism

    Open Access•Ibrahim Karataş•Journal of College of Sharia &…•2021

  • An alternative reading of religion and authoritarianism

    Ahmet Erdi Öztürk•Journal of Southeast European and…•2019

  • Religion and state entanglement and interstate armed conflict initiation, 1990–2010

    Davis Brown•Religion State & Society•2018

  • Neoliberalism as Religion

    Open Access•Luca Mavelli•International Political Sociology•2019

  • Shifting Boundaries Between the Religious and the Secular

    Karsten Lehmann•Journal of Religion in Europe•2013

  • The Sound of War Drums

    Open Access•Peter Lehr•Militant Buddhism•2019

  • Wrestling with God

    Open Access•Cecelia Lynch•Wrestling with God•2020

  • The two swords

    Open Access•Peter S Henne•Journal of Peace Research•2012

  • Orthodox Internationalism

    Open Access•Tobias Rupprecht•Comparative Studies in Society…•2018

  • How do religious norms diffuse? Institutional translation and international change in a post-secular world society

    Open Access•Gregorio Bettiza, Filippo Dionigi•European Journal of International…•2014

  • The Marginalisation of Religion in International Relations

    Open Access•Shubha Kamala Prasad•South Asian Survey•2014

  • Role of Religion in Contemporary Realpolitik IR

    Open Access•Saira Orakzai•Central Asia•2026

  • Identités globales et religion à l’ère digitale

    Open Access•R Liogier•Social Compass•2020

  • Challenging the secularist assumption

    Open Access•Jane Lindsay•Social Compass•2017

  • International Recognition and Religion

    Nikola Mirilovic, David S Siroky•International Interactions•2016

  • Religious Institutionalism

    Burl Ives•International Interactions•2019

  • The secularism of post-secularity

    Open Access•Adrian Pabst•Review of International Studies•2012

  • Educational internationalism, universal human rights, and international organisation

    Open Access•Thomas Davies, Thomas Richard Davies•Review of International Studies•2014

  • The evangelical foreign policy model

    Feliciano De Sá Guimarães, André Felipe Miquelasi et al.•Third World Quarterly•2023

  • Ethnicity, extraterritoriality, and international conflict

    Arthur A Stein•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2017

  • Animacy and the Agency of Spiritual Beings in Pluriversal Societies

    Open Access•Amaya Querejazu•International Political Sociology•2024

  • Religion and the ‘Secular shadow’

    Terje Østebø, Kjetil Tronvoll et al.•Religion•2021

  • Religion as ‘Prime Institution’ of International Society

    Open Access•Katharina Mclarren•International Studies•2023

  • Security, Society, and the Perennial Struggles over the Sacred

    Open Access•Derek Bolton•International Organization•2024

  • States and ontological security

    Open Access•Ayşe Zarakol•Cooperation and Conflict•2016

  • Reassessing the role of religion and secularism in US and European foreign policies

    Sarah Wolff•Global Affairs•2017

  • The religious turn reconsidered

    Scott M Thomas•Critical Studies on Security•2016

  • Intrinsic and Strategic Leverage of Religion in Development

    Open Access•Katherine Marshall, Sudipta Roy et al.•The Review of Faith & International…•2021

  • Approaching Religious Literacy in International Affairs

    Elizabeth H Prodromou, Clare D Gooding et al.•The Review of Faith & International…•2018

  • Political Tradition and Foreign Affairs

    Shmuel Sandler•The Review of Faith & International…•2018

  • Essays in Honor of Daniel Philpott

    Vendulka Kubálková, Renat Shaykhutdinov•The Review of Faith & International…•2021

  • R. Scott Appleby

    Vendulka Kubálková•The Review of Faith & International…•2020

  • Introduction

    John Fahy, J Haynes•The Review of Faith & International…•2018

  • Towards Religious Ways of Knowing

    D Philpott•The Review of Faith & International…•2021

  • Desire for power or the power of desire? Mimetic theory and the heart of twentieth-century realism

    Open Access•Jodok Troy•Journal of International…•2015

  • God is Green

    Open Access•Lan T Chu•Politics and Religion•2022

  • Religious Regulation as Foreign Policy

    Open Access•Ann Marie Wainscott•Politics and Religion•2018

  • Injustice and the New World Order

    Irfan Ahmad•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2016

  • The ties that bind

    Open Access•Todd H Hall, Patrick James•International Theory•2025

  • Disaggregating Ethnicity and Conflict Patterns

    Laura Thaut Vinson•Ethnopolitics•2018

  • Turkey, Gulf States and Iran in the Western Balkans

    Maria Eleni Koppa•Journal of Contemporary European…•2020

  • In the letter of mere reason

    Raji Singh Soni•Culture and Religion•2013

  • The transnational politics of religion

    Open Access•Ahmet Erdi Öztürk, B Baser•Turkish Studies•2022

  • Beyond the three ‘isms’

    Open Access•Benjamin Miller, Benjamin T Miller et al.•International Politics•2016

  • EU religious engagement in the Southern Mediterranean

    Open Access•Sarah Wolff•Mediterranean Politics•2017

  • Non-liberal Internationalism

    Open Access•M Krause, Katherine Robinson•Global Society•2022

  • The public valuation of religion in global health governance

    Tine Hanrieder•Contemporary Politics•2017

  • Modern sovereignty and the non-Christian, or Westphalia’s Jewish State

    Open Access•Meirav Jones, Yossi Shain•Review of International Studies•2017

  • The postsecular in International Relations

    Open Access•Luca Mavelli, Fabio Petito•Review of International Studies•2012

  • On the theopolitics of sovereignty

    Open Access•Thomas Moore•Review of International Studies•2020

  • Attitudes Toward Homosexuality and Perceptions of the United States Abroad

    Open Access•Myunghee Kim, Myung-Hee Kim et al.•Social Science Quarterly•2019

  • The Religious Characteristics of States

    Open Access•Davis Brown, Patrick James•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2018

  • Faith-based Diplomacy

    Open Access•Lee Marsden•Politics and Religion•2014

  • A ‘Confucian Long Peace’ in pre-Western East Asia

    Open Access•Robert E Kelly•European Journal of International…•2012

  • Recognizing religion

    Open Access•Jonathan C Agensky•European Journal of International…•2017

  • Temporality and Geopolitics

    Paul Kratochvil•Geopolitics•2022

  • How Religion Shapes Foreign Policy? An Explanatory Model for Non-Western States

    Open Access•Mehmet Ozkan•Religions•2021

  • Post-Secular Identity? Developing a New Approach to Religion in International Relations and IR Studies

    Open Access•Joanna Kulska, Anna M Solarz•Religions•2021

  • The Influence of Religion on Interstate Armed Conflict

    Open Access•Davis Brown•Journal for the Scientific Study…•2016

  • Religion in sociological perspective

    Bryan R Wilson•Religion in sociological…•1982

  • The ambivalence of the sacred

    R Scott Appleby•The ambivalence of the sacred•2000

  • Rendering unto Caesar

    Anthony Gill•Rendering unto Caesar•2008

  • The Bourgeois Virtues

    Deirdre N Mccloskey•Bourgeois Virtues•2006

  • The Theory of Moral Sentiments

    Adam Smith, D D Raphael et al.•The Glasgow Edition of the Works…•1759

  • Terror in the Name of God

    Jessica Stern•Terror in the Name of God•2004

  • Deadly imbalances

    Randall L Schweller•Deadly imbalances•1998

  • The Calculus of Consent

    James M Buchanan, James Buchanan et al.•The calculus of consent•1960

  • Terror in the Mind of God, Fourth Edition

    Mark Juergensmeyer•Terror in the Mind of God, Fourth…•2019

  • Social Choice and Individual Values

    Kenneth J Arrow, Eric S Maskin•Social Choice and Individual Values•2017

  • What Political Economy Is All About

    William M Dugger, E J Mishan•Southern Economic Journal•1983

  • Faith-Based Diplomacy

    Brian Cox, D Philpott•The Brandywine Review of Faith &…•2003

  • Cultures Merging

    Eric L Jones, Eric Jones•Journal of Institutional and…•2007

  • A Tale of Two Realisms

    Randall L Schweller, David Priess•Mershon International Studies…•1997

  • The Logic of Anarchy

    Barry Buzan, Charles Albert Jones et al.•Logic of Anarchy•1993

  • The Origins of Alliances

    Stephen M Walt•Origins of Alliances•2019

  • Religion and Global Civil Society

    Peter Berger•Religion in Global Civil Society•2005

  • Politics Among Nations

    Ramon Pacheco Pardo•Politics Among Nations•2017

  • Religion in Global Civil Society

    Mark Juergensmeyer•Religion in Global Civil Society•2005

  • The New Cold War

    Mark Juergensmeyer•New Cold War?•1993

  • Faith-Based Diplomacy Trumping Realpolitik

    Douglas Johnston•Faith-based diplomacy•2008

  • Strong Religion

    Gabriel A Almond, R Scott Appleby et al.•Strong Religion•2002

  • Religion, Identity, and Global Governance

    Patrick James•Religion, Identity, and Global…•2010

  • Religion and Peacebuilding

    Harold G Coward, Harold Coward et al.•Religion and Peacebuilding•2004

  • Holy War, Holy Peace

    Marc Gopin•Holy War, Holy Peace•2002

  • The Sociology of Religion

    Malcolm Hamilton•Sociology of Religion•2012

  • Religion in International Relations

    Open Access•Name Missing, Pavlos Hatzopoulos et al.•Religion in International Relations•2003

  • Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations

    Audie Klotz, Cecelia Lynch et al.•Strategies for Research in…•2014

  • Bringing Religion into International Relations

    Open Access•Jonathan Fox, Shmuel Sandler•Bringing Religion into…•2004

  • Man, the State, and War

    Kenneth Waltz, Kenneth N Waltz•Man, the State, and War•2018

  • Public Religions in the Modern World

    José Casanova•Public Religions in the Modern…•1994

  • Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy

    Open Access•Ronald Inglehart, Christian Welzel•Modernization, Cultural Change,…•2001

  • The Logic of Collective Action

    Mancur Olson•Logic of Collective Action•1965

  • The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations

    Open Access•Scott Thomas, Scott M Thomas•Global Resurgence of Religion and…•2005

  • Genealogies of Religion

    Talal Asad•Genealogies of Religion•1993

  • Deadly Imbalances

    Russel Lemmons, Randall L Schweller•German Studies Review•2000

  • The English School, International Relations, and Progress1

    Open Access•Balkan Devlen, Patrick James et al.•International Studies Review•2005

  • The Westphalian Deferral

    Open Access•David L Blaney, Naeem Inayatullah•International Studies Review•2000

  • The international politics of ethnic conflict

    David Carment, Patrick James•Global Society•1997

  • Do Religious Institutions Support Violence or the Status Quo

    Jonathan Fox•Studies in Conflict and Terrorism•1999

  • Holy terror”

    Bruce Hoffman•Studies in Conflict and Terrorism•1995

  • Towards an International Political Theology

    Open Access•Vendulka Kubálková•Millennium Journal of International…•2000

  • The Reconstruction of Religious Arenas in the Framework of `Multiple Modernities

    Open Access•Shmuel N Eisenstadt•Millennium Journal of International…•2000

  • Does Religion Make a Difference? Theoretical Approaches to the Impact of Faith on Political Conflict

    Open Access•Andreas Hasenclever, Volker Rittberger•Millennium Journal of International…•2000

  • Why International Relations has Failed as an Intellectual Project and What to do About it

    Open Access•Barry Buzan, Richard Little•Millennium Journal of International…•2001

  • Taking Religious and Cultural Pluralism Seriously

    Open Access•Scott M Thomas•Millennium Journal of International…•2000

  • The Economic Limits to Modern Politics

    Richard R Nelson, J Dunn•Journal of Policy Analysis and…•1991

  • The godfathers of ‘truth’

    Open Access•HANS-KARL PICHLER•Review of International Studies•1998

  • Religion and International Affairs

    Barry Rubin•The Washington Quarterly•1990

  • Is Anybody Still a Realist

    Jeffrey W Legro, Andrew Moravcsik et al.•International Security•1999

  • Spiraling to Ethnic War

    Stuart J Kaufman•International Security•1996

  • Peacemaking in International Conflict

    Open Access•Sam E Baroni•Peace & Change•2010

  • Sociology of Religion

    Lutz Kaelber, Malcolm B Hamilton et al.•Teaching Sociology•2002

  • Power and interdependence

    Robert O Keohane, Joseph S Nye•Survival•1973

  • Religion and American foreign policy

    Jack Miles•Survival•2004

  • The security dilemma and ethnic conflict

    Barry R Posen•Survival•1993

  • Neorealism, Neoliberalism and the International System

    Open Access•Shah M Tarzi•International Studies•2004

  • Religion

    Philip Boobbyer•International Affairs•1995

  • Neorealism and its critics

    Barry Buzan•International Affairs•1986

  • International regimes

    R J Barry Jones•International Affairs•1983

  • In Defence of Religion

    Open Access•Carsten Bagge Laustsen, Ole Waever•Millennium Journal of International…•2000

  • Realist Constructivism

    Open Access•J Samuel Barkin, Jamie S Barkin•International Studies Review•2003

  • Voodoo Economics? Reviewing the Rational Choice Approach to Religion

    L R Iannaccone•Journal for the Scientific Study…•1995

  • Strategy as a vocation

    Open Access•Tarak Barkawi•Review of International Studies•1998

  • The Tragedy of Great Power Politics

    John J Mearsheimer•The Tragedy of Great Power Politics•2014

  • Moral man and immoral society

    Reinhold Niebuhr•Moral man and immoral society•2001

  • Theory of international politics

    Kenneth Neal Waltz•Theory of international politics•1979

  • Neorealism and Neoliberalism

    Open Access•Joseph S Nye•World Politics•1988

  • Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy

    Open Access•Gideon Rose•World Politics•1998

  • The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations

    Open Access•D Philpott•World Politics•2000

  • Realism, Neorealism, and American Liberalism

    Open Access•Keith I Shimko•The Review of Politics•1992

  • Culture or Contiguity

    Open Access•Errol A Henderson•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1997

  • The Realists and Saint Augustine

    Michael Loriaux•International Studies Quarterly•1992

  • Realism in the Study of World Politics

    Open Access•Robert Jervis•International Organization•1998

  • Why Ideas Matter in International Relations

    M C Williams•International Organization•2004

  • Dueling Realisms

    Open Access•Stephen G Brooks•International Organization•1997

  • Regime dynamics

    Open Access•Oran R Young, Oran Young•International Organization•1982

  • Power and Interdependencerevisited

    Open Access•Robert O Keohane, Joseph S Nye•International Organization•1987

  • Horses for courses

    Colin Elman•Security Studies•1996

  • Kenneth Waltz, Neorealism, and Foreign Policy

    Telbami, S Telbami•Security Studies•2002

  • Contending Liberalisms

    Open Access•James L Richardson•European Journal of International…•1997

  • Making Sense of Global Civil Society

    Open Access•Jens Bartelson•European Journal of International…•2006

  • Paradigm Lost? Reassessing Theory of International Politics

    Open Access•Stacie E Goddard, Daniel H Nexon•European Journal of International…•2005

  • Theories of international regimes

    Open Access•Stephan Haggard, Beth A Simmons•International Organization•1987

  • The Political Authority of Secularism in International Relations

    Open Access•Elizabeth Shakman Hurd•European Journal of International…•2004

  • The richness of the tradition of political realism

    Open Access•Robert Gilpin, Robert G Gilpin et al.•International Organization•1984

  • The `Sacred' Dimension of Nationalism

    Open Access•Anthony D Smith•Millennium Journal of International…•2000

  • Sacred and Secular

    Open Access•P Norris, Ronald Inglehart•Sacred and Secular•2004

  • Legitimation Power and Religion in Modern Society

    Nikos Kokosalakis•Sociological Analysis•1985

  • Christian Realism and the Foundations of the English School

    Open Access•Charles Jones, Charles A Jones•International Relations•2003

  • Politics Among Nations

    Peter Berger•Thought•1950

  • Herbert Butterfield, the English School and the Civilizing Virtues of Diplomacy

    Open Access•Paul Sharp•International Affairs•2003

  • Faith, history and Martin Wight

    Open Access•Scott M Thomas•International Affairs•2001

  • Evaluating Theories

    Open Access•Kenneth N Waltz•American Political Science Review•1997

  • Fear and Trembling

    Open Access•David C Rapoport•American Political Science Review•1983

  • Explaining the Political Ambivalence of Religion

    Open Access•D Philpott•American Political Science Review•2007

  • The Clash of Civilizations

    Samuel P Huntington•Foreign Affairs•1993

  • Work in Progress Toward a New Paradigm for the Sociological Study of Religion in the United States

    R Stephen Warner, Richard Warner et al.•American Journal of Sociology•1993

Unique citing works77
Citations per year5,5
Citation span2012 - 2026 (15)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 69

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae