The motherhood wage penalty in Turkey
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6093575 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Hayriye Özgül Özkan Değirmenci (Muğla University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2022 |
| Volume | 66 |
| Pages | 35-60 |
| Publication date | 2022-05-01 |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | New Perspectives on Turkey (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0896-6346 • E-ISSN: 1305-3299 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1017/npt.2022.10 |
| OpenAlex | W4281751245 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 2 |
| References cited | 47 |
Women with children, on average, earn lower wages than those who do not have children. This is called the “motherhood wage penalty”. This study provides estimates of the wage penalty for working mothers in Turkey using the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS), 2014–2018. The gross wage penalty is 21.3 percent, but it is entirely explained by human capital variables: education, marital status, and potential experience in the pooled cross-section. The bulk of the gross penalty is attributable to the higher educational attainment of the subsample of non-mothers compared to mothers. When the wage-setting mechanisms in the public versus private sectors, and differences in fertility exposure by age cohort conditional on education are accounted for, a clearer picture emerges. Empirical findings indicate that the wage penalty does not exist for mothers employed in the public sector but that there is a 3 percent penalty for mothers working in the private sector, with the highest value being 6.1 percent for university-educated young mothers. In addition, wage losses are higher for the younger age cohort, presumably due to leaves of absence from work for time spent caring for young children, which lead to skill erosion
Cohort · Demographic economics · Economic growth · Economics · Educational attainment · Fertility · Human capital · Labour economics · Population · Private sector · Public sector · Sociology · Turkish · Wage · Demography · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Medicine · Social Policy and Reform Studies · Work-Family Balance Challenges
Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap
The Family Gap in Pay
The Motherhood Wage Penalty
Career Interruptions and Subsequent Earnings
Public sector employees
Cross-sectional earnings risk and occupational sorting
The Gender Wage Gap
Heterogeneity in labor income profiles
Interrupted Work Careers
Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women
Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor
Job Security and Job Protection
Why so Few Women in the Labor Market in Turkey
Motherhood and women's earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic Countries
Estimating the Impact of the 2008–09 Economic Crisis on Work Time in Turkey
Equality, Protection or Discrimination
The Motherhood Penalty in Cross-National Perspective
The effects of motherhood timing on career path
Effects of family background characteristics on educational participation in Turkey
Down and up the “U” – A synthetic cohort (panel) analysis of female labor force participation in Turkey, 1988–2013
Variation in labor market participation of married women in Turkey
Trends in the Motherhood Wage Penalty and Fatherhood Wage Premium for Low, Middle, and High Earners
Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers
Gender Pay Gap and Employment Sector
The role of parenthood in shaping the gender wage gap – A comparative analysis of 26 European countries
Family Investments in Human Capital
Children and Career Interruptions
Sacrificing Their Careers for Their Families? An Analysis of the Penalty to Motherhood in Europe
Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution
The Effect of Children on Women's Wages
Public-Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials, and Gender in Turkey
His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
Why Do Part-Time Workers Earn Less? The Role of Worker and Job Skills
The quality of periodic fertility measures in EU-Silc
Getting a Job
| Citations per year | 2 |
|---|---|
| Citation span | 2026 - 2026 (1) |
| Highly cited | No |