The Dimensions of Negative Messages
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6180225 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Kim Fridkin (0000-0001-9619-5276, Arizona State University, corresponding author), Kim L Fridkin, Patrick J Kenney (0009-0007-6669-9407, Arizona State University) |
| Year | 2008 |
| Volume | 36 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 694-723 |
| Publication date | 2008-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Politics Research (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1532-673X • E-ISSN: 1552-3373 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/1532673x08316448 |
| OpenAlex | W2065469473 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 54 |
| References cited | 50 |
Candidates and campaign strategists believe that negative campaigning works—negative messages depress citizen's evaluations of targeted candidates. However, scholars have been unable to validate consistently the claims of practitioners. To better understand how negative campaigning influences the electorate, it is necessary to consider the relevance and civility of negative messages. In particular, do citizens make distinctions concerning the relevance and civility of campaign messages? If so, do citizens' views about the relevance and civility of negative messages influence how they evaluate candidates? We rely on an experimental research design embedded in a public opinion survey to examine people's reactions to negative commercials. Based on a national survey of nearly 700 respondents, we find citizens differentiate between negative advertisements in meaningful and consistent ways. Furthermore, the civility and relevance of the negative commercials significantly influences people's evaluations of the targeted candidates in several ways, including trait, affect, and issue evaluations
Civility · Incivility · Political science · Politics · Public opinion · Public relations · Trait · Computer Science · Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Law · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Interest Group Issue Appeals
Optimising Emotions, Incubating Falsehoods
Does It Matter Where You Read the News Story? Interaction of Incivility and News Frames in the Political Blogosphere
Brevity is the Soul of Twitter
More than Mimicry? The Role of Anger in Uncivil Reactions to Elite Political Incivility
A Normative Perspective for Political Entertainment Research
Online and Uncivil? Patterns and Determinants of Incivility in Newspaper Website Comments
De la castagne en campagne
Rage on Stage
Negativity vs. Incivility
When conflict fuels negativity. A large-scale comparative investigation of the contextual drivers of negative campaigning in elections worldwide
Expanding public debate? Examining the impact of India’s top English language political talk shows
Emotional Markers of Disrespect
Partisanship and Perceptions of Fairness
Threat and Information Acquisition
Online and Offline Battles
Political Trust and Negative Campaigns
Negative Campaigning in Party-Controlled Communication Channels
The Influence of Tone, Target, and Issue Ownership on Political Advertising Effects in Primary Versus General Elections
Incivility or Invalidity? Evaluating Perspective API Scores as a Measure of Political Incivility
I Approve This Message
Scale Matters
The effects of stress on political leadership evaluations
What is political incivility
Uncivil Name‐Calling in the U.S. Presidency, 1933–2018
Incivility Online
Birth of a scapegoat
Negative campaigning and its consequences
The effect of real‐news party cues
The Psychology of Leadership Destabilization
Attack and Response in Political Campaigns
Is Context the Key? The (Non-)Differential Effects of Mediated Incivility in Three European Countries
Variability in Citizens’ Reactions to Different Types of Negative Campaigns
Can Social Media Incivility Induce Enthusiasm
He Said, She Said
A Negativity Gap? Voter Gender, Attack Politics, and Participation in American Elections
Uncivil yet persuasive? Testing the persuasiveness of political incivility and the moderating role of populist attitudes and personality traits
On Different Sides
Rousing the Partisan Combatant
From Incivility to Outrage
To Denounce, or Not To Denounce
(Re)Claiming Our Expertise
When a Man Meets a Woman
Following the News? Reception of Uncivil Partisan Media and the Use of Incivility in Political Expression
Interactions of News Frames and Incivility in the Political Blogosphere
Party and Gender Stereotypes in Campaign Attacks
Bad for Men, Better for Women
Fighting Fire with Fire
Fair's Fair? Principles, Partisanship, and Perceptions of the Fairness of Campaign Rhetoric
The Rise and Fall of Nasty Politics in America
Online negativity in Canada
Searching for the Dimensions of Today's Political Incivility
Music and political identity salience in Nigeria's 2023 presidential election
Boundary-work and the demarcation of civil from uncivil protest in the United States
In Defense of Negativity
The Effects of Negative Comparative Political Advertising on Candidate Evaluations and Advertising Evaluations
Negative Political Advertising
Negative Campaigning
Communication and persuasion
Party Identification and Negative Advertising in a U.S. Senate Election
Effects of Print Comparative Political Advertising on Political Decision-Making and Participation
Some Contemporary Approaches
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Choices, values, and frames
Effects of Soft-Money Issue Advertisements on Candidate Evaluation and Voting Preference
News Coverage of Negative Political Campaigns
The Effect of Negative Campaign Advertising on Vote Choice
Attention and weight in person perception
An experimental study of the effectiveness of negative political advertisements
Comparing Positive and Negative Political Advertising on Radio
Effects of Negative Campaigning on Turnout in U.S. Senate Elections, 1988-1998
Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys
Should Women Emote? Perceptual Bias and Opinion Change in Response to Political Ads for Candidates of Different Genders
The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns
Why Is Research on the Effects of Negative Campaigning So Inconclusive? Understanding Citizens’ Perceptions of Negativity
The irrelevance of negative campaigns to political trust
Negativity in political perception
Creating impressions
A Spot Check
Striking a Responsive Chord
Beyond Negativity
Changes in meaning and halo effects in personality impression formation
Automatic vigilance
Affective and semantic components in political person perception
The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior
Do Negative Messages Work
Politeness
Presidential Character Revisited
Effects of the Television Spots on Images of Dole and Clinton
The New Videomalaise
An Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation
Do Negative Campaigns Mobilize or Suppress Turnout? Clarifying the Relationship between Negativity and Participation
Some Internal Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Choice
A desarmonia da democracia
| Unique citing works | 54 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,18 |
| Citation span | 2009 - 2026 (18) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 53 |