The origins of symbolic racism
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6203569 |
|---|---|
| Authors | David O Sears (California Department of Education), P J Henry (0000-0002-0599-4492), Patrick Henry (0000-0002-5690-7539, Yale University) |
| Year | 2003 |
| Volume | 85 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 259-275 |
| Publication date | 2003-08-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.259 |
| PMID | 12916569 |
| OpenAlex | W2136077744 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 306 |
| References cited | 50 |
The theory of symbolic racism places its origins in a blend of anti-Black affect and conservative values, particularly individualism. We clarify that hypothesis, test it directly, and report several findings consistent with it. Study 1 shows that racial prejudice and general political conservatism fall into 2 separate factors, with symbolic racism loading about equally on both. Study 2 found that the anti-Black affect and individualism significantly explain symbolic racism. The best-fitting model both fuses those 2 elements into a single construct (Black individualism) and includes them separately. The effects of Black individualism on racial policy preferences are mostly mediated by symbolic racism. Study 3 shows that Black individualism is distinctively racial, with effects distinctly different from either an analogous gender individualism or race-neutral individualism
Affect (linguistics) · Conservatism · Construct (python library) · Individualism · Political science · Politics · Prejudice (legal term) · Psychometrics of racism · Racism · Sociology · Communication · Cultural Differences and Values · Gender Studies · Law · Psychology · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Biracial at the Ballot Box
Atuação dos/as profissionais de psicologia no tema das relações étnicos-raciais
Racismo no Brasil
Addressing Structural, Social, and Symbolic Exclusion of Disabled People
Collective racial resentment and emotion
Disgusting smells cause decreased liking of gay men
Escala de racismo moderno
Harmony and Discord
It matters how and when you ask
Racism and health
Oh, You Speak English So Well
Negative attitudes toward Muslims in The Netherlands
Did low-income essential workers during Covid-19 increase public support for redistribution
Fatores Legitimadores da Discriminação
The Racial Divide in Support for the Death Penalty
Two Sides of the Same Coin
Predictors of African American and European American adolescents' endorsement of race-conscious social policies
The New Nadir
The Future of Latines’ Racial Categorization and Sociopolitical Attitudes Amid Rising US Diversity
Intergroup Relations
Attitudes in Social Behavior
The Psychological Underpinnings of Political Behavior
A Critical Expansion of Theories on Race and Ethnicity in Leisure Studies
New Racism
Are Liberals and Conservatives Equally Motivated to Feel Empathy Toward Others?
Racism, Gun Ownership and Gun Control
The behavioral immune system and social conservatism
Fear Among the Extremes
Ideology and Prejudice
Symbolic Racism and Whites' Attitudes Towards Punitive and Preventive Crime Policies.
Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies
Disgust
Angry opposition to government redress
Attitudes towards refugees
Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes
The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Race
Not only Competitive Threat but also Racial Prejudice
Majority Members’ Feelings About Political Representation of Muslim Immigrants
Campus Racial Incidents, Hate Crimes, and White Male and Female Students’ Racial Attitudes
Americans Fill Out President Obama's Census Form
The Pandemic and the “Perpetual Foreigner
Preconceito contra homossexuais e representações sociais da homossexualidade em seminaristas católicos e evangélicos
Complicated Loyalties
Development of the Semi-Implicit Self-Report to assess Attitudes Toward Immigration (Sisrati)
When are intergroup attitudes judged as free speech and when as prejudice? A social identity analysis of attitudes towards immigrants
Insidious racism and institutional constraints
Threshold Resistance
Coronaphobia or sinophobia
How Political Identification and Individual Differences Influence Black Lives Matter Message Reactions
Moving Beyond Implicit Bias in Antiracist Academic Medicine Initiatives
Toward a method for evaluating court actor influences on plea negotiations
Does a counter-stereotypical individual with a disability trigger backlash? Investigating the moderating effects of social dominance orientation and symbolic ableism / ¿Un individuo con discapacidad contra-estereotipado genera una reacción negativa? Investigación de los efectos moderadores de la orientación al dominio social y el capacitismo simbólico
You Play a Sport, Right? A Persistent and Pernicious Intersectional Bias in Categorization of Students vs. Student-Athletes
Threat Perceptions and Closeness to Refugees
Constructing Explicit Prejudice
On the Role of Police Shootings, Recognition of Systemic Racism, and Empathy on White Americans’ Support for Police Reform
View From the Right
Illusory-Correlation Effects on Implicit and Explicit Evaluation
When race trumps political ideology
Can We Counteract Hate? Effects of Online Hate Speech and Counter Speech on the Perception of Social Groups
The Political Effects of Affirmative Action
Not all threats are equal
Hate Speech Is in the Eye of the Beholder
Vicarious Justifications for Prejudice in the Application of Democratic Values
Ideological Responses to the EU Refugee Crisis
The Distinct Pattern of Relationships Between the Big Five and Racial Resentment Among White Americans
Unity or Estrangement Under Crises? Perceived Resource Scarcity Moderates the Effect of a Common Threat on Intergroup Cooperation
An Ideological House of Mirrors
Police leaders’ support for civilian oversight and implicit bias training
Policing the police
Black Social Capital
Fight the Power? How Black Adults’ Racial Capital Associates With Their Political Activities
Assessing Local “Diversity”
Settlement deservingness perceptions of climate change, economic, and political migrant groups across partisan lines
Ideological Support for the Indian Caste System
Evaluating the political organisation of Muslim citizens in the Netherlands
The Aggression-Submission-Conventionalism Scale
The role of value perceptions in intergroup conflict and cooperation
Untangling the gender gap in symbolic racist attitudes among white Americans
Why do Americans dislike publicly funded health care? Examining the intersection of race and gender in the ideological context
Intersectional motherhood
Progressive familial socialization and white partisans’ racial attitudes
Terms and conditions apply
Peer Influence and Attraction to Interracial Romantic Relationships
Cross-Racial Interactions during College
The (racial) implications of “special favors”
Gender diverse college students’ perceptions of climate and discriminatory experiences
Reporting the real names of juvenile offenders
Anti‐racism in U.S. early childhood education
Conflating Apples and Oranges
From Backlash to Inclusion for All
Moral disengagement and tolerance for health care inequality in Texas
The Prevalence, Correlates, and Consequences of Racial Apathy Among Black Teenagers
Race, Racial Negativity, and Competing Conceptions of American National Identity
The hidden role of racial bias in support for policies related to inequality and crime
The integrative prejudice framework and different forms of weight prejudice
Emotion and Prejudice
Blame It on Hip-Hop
Perceiving race relevance in everyday events
Dominance motivated delusions
The tax revolt
Racialized politics
Prejudice, politics, and the American dilemma
Racial Attitudes in the 1990s
The Velvet Glove
Why Americans Hate Welfare
Symbolic Politics
A Comparison of Symbolic Racism Theory and Social Dominance Theory as Explanations for Racial Policy Attitudes
Prejudice, discrimination, and racism
Racial attitudes in America
Perception and Prejudice
Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
Group Conflict, Prejudice, and the Paradox of Contemporary Racial Attitudes
Symbolic Racism
Eliminating Racism
Explorations in Political Psychology
Stigma
The Scar of Race
Is "Symbolic Racism" Racism? A Review Informed by Intergroup Behavior
Reaching Beyond Race
Symbolic Racism
Reflections on American Racism
Symbolic Racism
Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racial attitudes
On the Nature of Prejudice
Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe
Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes
Beliefs about Inequality
"Racial Attitudes and the "New South
Racial Attitudes and the “New South
Is It Really Racism
Political Psychology or Politicized Psychology
The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale
The New Racism
Beyond Race
Prejudice and politics
Reaching Beyond Race
The Continuing American Dilemma
Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion
Stereotypes and prejudice
Prejudice as Group Position
Opposition to Race-Targeting
| Unique citing works | 306 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 13,91 |
| Citation span | 2004 - 2026 (23) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 287 |