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Putting time in perspective

A valid, reliable individual-differences metric

Bibliographic Data

ID6204909
AuthorsPhilip G Zimbardo, John N Boyd
Year1999
Volume77
Issue6
Pages1271-1288
Publication date1999-12-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
OpenAlexW4253063180
LanguageEN
Citations received630

Metric (unit) · Perspective (graphical) · Time perspective · Mathematics · Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research · Psychology · Social Psychology

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  • Autistic-like and schizotypal traits in a life history perspective

    Open Access•Marco Del Giudice, Amanda C E Klimczuk et al.•Evolution and Human Behavior•2014

  • Using a futures orientation to enable adaptation of protected areas under climate change

    Open Access•Claudia Múnera‐Roldán, Matthew J Colloff et al.•People and Nature•2023

  • Acknowledging and understanding the contributions of nature to human sense of time

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  • Construction identitaire, intimidation homophobe et soutien familial perçu d’adultes émergents lesbiennes, gais, bisexuelles ou bisexuels au Québec

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  • Adolescent Future Orientation

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  • Intolerance of Uncertainty-Related Aspects of Planning for the Future During the Pandemic

    Open Access•Hanna Hromova•Journal of Education Culture and…•2022

  • Time perspective, mindfulness, and psychological symptoms

    Open Access•Nur Nihal Türkel, Mustafa Cemil Karaduran et al.•BMC Psychology•2025

  • Time perspectives and procrastination in university students

    Open Access•Nuria Codina, Isabel Castillo et al.•BMC Psychology•2024

  • The effect of the sense of Community on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress

    Open Access•Luigi Micillo, Natale Canale et al.•BMC Psychology•2024

  • Time Goes Back—Time Perspective in Polish Men with Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder and Risky Sexual Behavior

    Open Access•Julia Wyszomirska, Monika Bąk‐Sosnowska•International Journal of…•2023

  • A German Validation of Four Questionnaires Crucial to the Study of Time Perception

    Open Access•Sebastian L Kübel, Marc Wittmann•International Journal of…•2020

  • A Time to Get Vaccinated? The Role of Time Perspective, Consideration of Future Consequences, Conspiracy Beliefs, Religious Faith, Gender, and Race on Intention to Vaccinate for Covid-19 in the United States

    Open Access•Lening A Olivera-Figueroa, Alexander Unger et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Multidimensional Models of Perfectionism and Procrastination

    Open Access•Allison P Sederlund, Lawrence R Burns et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Personality Variables as Predictors of Health Services Consumption

    Open Access•Antonio Taboada-Vázquez, Rubén González‐rodríguez et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Time Perspective Latent Profile Analysis and Its Meaning for School Burnout, Depression, and Family Acceptance in Adolescents

    Open Access•Joanna Kossewska, Katarzyna Tomaszek et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Time Perspective and Emotion Regulation as Predictors of Age-Related Subjective Passage of Time

    Open Access•Marc Wittmann, Tina Rudolph et al.•International Journal of…•2015

  • Insomnia, Time Perspective, and Personality Traits

    Open Access•Marco Fabbri, Alessia Beracci et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Future Orientation in Cultural Transition

    Open Access•Rachel Seginer, Sami Mahajna•New Directions for Child and…•2018

  • Orientación al futuro y morosidad académica como instrumentos de predicción del rendimiento académico en estudiantes de preparatoria y universidad del noroeste de México

    Open Access•Rubén Pérez-Rios, Laura Fernanda Barrera Hernández et al.•Revista Electrónica Educare•2023

  • Time poverty and intertemporal choice

    Open Access•Lei Jin, Houchao Lyu•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2025

  • The concept of sound temporal personality and its relationship with posttraumatic growth

    Open Access•Shan Zhang, Lieketseng Joyce Rakoro et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2025

  • The Effect of Motivational Incentives and Time Perspectives on Predicting Youth Emigration Intentions and the Agency of Potential Migrants

    Open Access•Nada Polovina, Oliver Tošković et al.•Migracijske i etničke teme /…•2023

  • Future expectations of receiving care and all‐cause mortality among older adults in Korea

    Open Access•Heesoo Yoon, Jinho Kim•Health & Social Care in the…•2021

  • Time perspective, perceived stress, self-control and relationship satisfaction in heterosexual dating relationships of emerging adults

    Open Access•Aleksandra Huic, Tina Krznarić et al.•Psicologia•2018

  • Mapping of Meaning and Pleasure on the Temporal Horizon

    Open Access•Emily K Hong, Jinhyung Kim et al.•European Journal of Social…•2025

  • Perspectiva futura de tiempo y autoeficacia

    Open Access•Daniel Arturo Cernas Ortiz, Patricia Mercado Salgado•Revista Interamericana de…•2020

  • Time perspective as a predictor of smoking status

    Open Access•Genevieve Sansone, Geoffrey T Fong et al.•BMC Public Health•2013

  • Future Time Perspective in Mid-to-Later Life

    Open Access•Niccole Nelson, Niccole A Nelson et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2019

  • The Relationship Between Physical Activity and College Students’ Bedtime Procrastination

    Open Access•Yue Hu, Xinyu Cai et al.•Psychological Reports•2026

  • The Role of Time Perspectives and Impulsivity Dimensions in Coping Styles

    Open Access•Iwona Nowakowska•Psychological Reports•2021

  • The Temporal Focus of Mind-Wandering and Chinese Adolescents’ Well-Being

    Open Access•Tong Jiang, Jingling Tian et al.•Psychological Reports•2021

  • Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being

    Sonja Lyubomirsky•American Psychologist•2001

  • Temporal Identity Integration as a Core Developmental Process

    Open Access•Moin Syed, Lauren Mitchell et al.•Emerging Trends in the Social and…•2015

  • Future Time Perspective and Motivation

    Open Access•Willy Lens, Rachel Seginer•International Encyclopedia of the…•2015

  • Time and Space in Video Games

    Open Access•Federico Alvarez Igarzábal•Time and Space in Video Games•2020

  • Future orientation

    Sarah Johnson, Sarah R Lindstrom Johnson et al.•International Journal of…•2014

  • Escaping Homelessness

    Open Access•Elissa S Epel, Albert Bandura et al.•Journal of Applied Social…•1999

  • Understanding identity integration

    Open Access•Moin Syed, Kate C Mclean•Journal of Adolescence•2016

  • Conceptualization and measurement of temporal focus

    Open Access•Abbie J Shipp, Jeffrey R Edwards et al.•Organizational Behavior and Human…•2009

  • Comparing Three Methods to Measure a Balanced Time Perspective

    Open Access•Jia Wei Zhang, Ryan T Howell et al.•Journal of Happiness Studies•2013

  • A review of theories and models applied in studies of social media addiction and implications for future research

    Open Access•Yalin Sun, Yan Zhang•Addictive Behaviors•2021

  • Episodic Future Thought

    Open Access•Karl K Szpunar•Perspectives on Psychological…•2010

  • Time perspective and values

    Open Access•Taciano L Milfont, Valdiney V Gouveia•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2006

  • Discounting Time and Time Discounting

    Open Access•Gal Zauberman, B Kyu Kim et al.•Journal of Marketing Research•2009

  • Measurement of constructs using self-report and behavioral lab tasks

    Open Access•Melissa A Cyders, Ayca Coskunpinar•Clinical Psychology Review•2011

  • The Fading affect bias

    Open Access•W Richard Walker, John J Skowronski•Applied Cognitive Psychology•2009

  • Episodic future thinking

    Open Access•Cristina M Atance, Daniela K O'Neill et al.•Trends in Cognitive Sciences•2001

  • Development and Construct Validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

    Maria Grazia Carelli, Britt Wiberg et al.•European Journal of Psychological…•2011

  • Enhancing chatbot effectiveness

    Open Access•Rajat Roy, Vik Naidoo•Journal of Business Research•2021

  • Time perspective and environmental engagement

    Open Access•Taciano L Milfont, Jessie Wilson et al.•International Journal of Psychology•2012

  • Mindfulness

    Kirk Warren Brown, Richard M Ryan et al.•Psychological Inquiry•2007

  • Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity

    Open Access•Jean Adams, D Nettle•British Journal of Health…•2009

  • Reconsidering happiness

    Todd B Kashdan, Robert Biswas-Diener et al.•The Journal of Positive Psychology•2008

  • Balancing Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning

    Open Access•Ilona Boniwell, Philip G Zimbardo•Positive Psychology in Practice•2004

  • Toward a New Generation of Cross-Cultural Research

    Open Access•D Matsumoto, Seung Hee Yoo•Perspectives on Psychological…•2006

  • The big five personality traits and environmental engagement

    Open Access•Taciano L Milfont, C G Sibley•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2012

  • A question of balance

    Ilona Boniwell, Evgeny Osin et al.•The Journal of Positive Psychology•2010

  • Heroism

    Open Access•Zeno Franco, Zeno E Franco et al.•Review of General Psychology•2011

  • Too Much of a Good Thing

    Open Access•Adam M Grant, Barry Schwartz•Perspectives on Psychological…•2011

  • Short- and long-term effects of embodied experiences in immersive virtual environments on environmental locus of control and behavior

    Open Access•Sun Joo Ahn, Jeremy N Bailenson et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2014

  • Taking time to be healthy

    Open Access•James R Daugherty, Gary L Brase•Personality and Individual…•2010

  • Self-Concealment

    Dale G Larson, Robert L Chastain et al.•Journal of Social and Clinical…•2015

  • Temporal self-regulation theory

    Peter A Hall, Geoffrey T Fong•Health Psychology Review•2007

  • Timing and time perception

    Open Access•Simon Grondin•Attention, Perception, &…•2010

  • Finding Meaning in Nostalgia

    Open Access•Constantine Sedikides, Tim Wildschut•Review of General Psychology•2018

  • The development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory

    Open Access•Maarten Vansteenkiste, Christopher P Niemiec et al.•The Decade Ahead Theoretical…•2010

  • A taxonomy of prospection

    Open Access•Karl K Szpunar, R Nathan Spreng et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2014

  • Do time perspectives predict unique variance in life satisfaction beyond personality traits?

    Open Access•Jia Wei Zhang, Ryan T Howell•Personality and Individual…•2011

  • The power of the past

    Clay Routledge, Tim Wildschut et al.•Memory•2012

  • The Strong African American Families Program

    Open Access•Gene H Brody, Velma Mcbride Murry et al.•Child Development•2004

  • Intervention based on Temporal Orientation to reduce alcohol consumption and enhance risk perception in adolescence

    Open Access•Judit Castellà, Gisela Minguell et al.•Quaderns de Psicologia•2018

  • How time perspective, personality, and morningness contributed to psychological well-being during the Coronavirus lockdown

    Open Access•Judit Castellà, Ana Muro•Quaderns de Psicologia•2022

  • Time in communication research and theories

    Open Access•Tai-Quan Peng, Zheng Wang•Journal of Communication•2025

  • Daily Limited Future Time Perspective Is Associated With More Health Behavior Within Older Adults

    Open Access•K Hill, Kyrsten C Hill et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2024

  • Associations Among Individuals’ Perceptions of Future Time, Individual Resources, and Subjective Well-Being in Old Age

    Christiane A Hoppmann, Frank J Infurna et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2015

  • Integrating career, health, and finance in a holistic retirement planning intervention for Australian older workers

    Open Access•Anna Mooney, Joanne K Earl et al.•Work Aging and Retirement•2023

  • All Options Are on the Table? Time Horizons and the Decision-Making Process in Conflict

    Open Access•Rotem Dvir•Foreign Policy Analysis•2021

  • Longitudinal Findings on Aging-Related Cognitions, Control Beliefs, and Health in Later Life

    Wurm, Susanne Wurm et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2007

  • Subjective Residual Life Expectancy in Health Self-Regulation

    Jochen P Ziegelmann, Sonia Lippke et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2006

  • Who has the future in mind? Gender, time perspectives, and pro-environmental behaviour

    Open Access•Christin Hoffmann, Julia Amelie Hoppe et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2022

  • Are “Voluntary” Self-Employed Better Prepared for Retirement Than “Forced” Self-Employed

    Douglas A Hershey, Hendrik P Van Dalen et al.•Work Aging and Retirement•2017

  • A Matter of Time

    Joanne K Earl, Timothy Colin Bednall et al.•Work Aging and Retirement•2015

  • Unveiling Gaming Disorder Dynamics

    Open Access•Haidi Shan, Qian Xiang et al.•International Journal of Mental…•2025

  • Temporal perspectives, sensation-seeking, and cognitive distortions as predictors of adolescent gambling behavior

    Open Access•Stefania Mancone, Alessandra Zanon et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2025

  • Generalizability of Delay of Gratification

    Open Access•Xiaoyan Liu, Lei Wang et al.•Psychological Reports•2013

  • Social network and temporal discounting

    Open Access•R S Burt•Network Science•2017

  • Lived Time Disturbances of Drug Addiction Therapy Newcomers. A Qualitative, Field Phenomenology Case Study at Monar-Markot Center in Poland

    Open Access•Marcin Moskalewicz•International Journal of Mental…•2016

  • Time in Individual-Level Organizational Studies

    Abbie J Shipp, Michael S Cole•Annual Review of Organizational…•2014

  • Cross-Cultural Validation of the 9-Item Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale (TSWLS) Among Algerian and Spanish Emerging Adults

    Open Access•Mohammed Mansouri, Andrea Zammitti et al.•Psychological Studies•2025

  • Time perspective profile and self-reported health on the EQ-5D

    Open Access•Fanni Rencz, Mathieu F Janssen•Quality of Life Research•2023

  • Altruists will be Altruists, but What About Individualists? The Role of Future Time Perspective and Social Value Orientation in Volunteers’ Declarations to Continue Engagement in Three Time Horizons

    Open Access•Iwona Nowakowska•Voluntas Revista Internacional de…•2023

  • Parents’ Time Perspective as a Predictor of Child’s Postsurgical Pain, Emergence Delirium, and Parents’ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms after Child’s Surgery

    Open Access•Małgorzata Sobol, Marek Krzysztof Sobol•Children•2022

  • Impact of an informed choice invitation on uptake of screening for diabetes in primary care (Dicision)

    Open Access•Eleanor Mann, A Toby Prevost et al.•BMC Public Health•2009

  • How Compulsive Buying Is Influenced by Time Perspective—Cross-Cultural Evidence from Germany, Ukraine, and China

    Open Access•Alexander Unger, Houchao Lyu et al.•International Journal of Mental…•2018

  • A Balanced Time Perspective and Burnout Syndrome in the Corporate World

    Open Access•Olga Klamut, Lening A Olivera-Figueroa et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Alexithymia Is Linked with a Negative Bias for Past and Current Events in Healthy Humans

    Open Access•Silvia Barchetta, Gabriella Martino et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • The latent profiles of time attitudes and positive emotional adjustment in secondary vocational students

    Open Access•Xiaobin Ding, Xiangling Tu et al.•BMC Psychology•2026

  • The Associations Between Deviation From the Balanced Time Perspective and Depression and Anxiety

    Open Access•Ayşe Altan‐Atalay, Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar et al.•Psychological Reports•2025

  • Time in the Mental Health Context

    Open Access•Joanna Mostowik, Michał Mielimąka et al.•Psychological Reports•2020

Unique citing works630
Citations per year23,33
Citation span1999 - 2026 (28)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 603

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