Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Income inequality is associated with stronger social comparison effects

The effect of relative income on life satisfaction

Bibliographic Data

ID6205835
AuthorsFreda Cheung (0000-0002-7826-7405, University of Hong Kong, corresponding author), Richard E Lucas (0000-0002-7995-3319, Michigan State University)
Year2016
Volume110
Issue2
Pages332-341
Publication date2016-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1037/pspp0000059
PMID26191957
OpenAlexW2427675198
LanguageEN
Citations received136
References cited38

Previous research has shown that having rich neighbors is associated with reduced levels of subjective well-being, an effect that is likely due to social comparison. The current study examined the role of income inequality as a moderator of this relative income effect. Multilevel analyses were conducted on a sample of more than 1.7 million people from 2,425 counties in the United States. Results showed that higher income inequality was associated with stronger relative income effects. In other words, people were more strongly influenced by the income of their neighbors when income inequality was high

Demographic economics · Economic inequality · Economics · Inequality · Life satisfaction · Relative deprivation · Social comparison theory · Health disparities and outcomes · Mathematics · Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Economic Inequality is Masculine

    Open Access•Silvia Filippi, Matilde Tumino et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2026

  • Experiencing poverty in an online simulation

    Open Access•Pedro F Hernández-Ramos, Pedro Hernández-Ramos et al.•Cyberpsychology Journal of…•2019

  • Effect of group membership on unfairness perception under coexperience conditions

    Sasa LV, Sa‐Sa Lv et al.•Acta Psychologica Sinica•2021

  • Income and Subjective Well-Being

    Open Access•Mei Chin Boo, Siew Hwa Yen et al.•Kajian Malaysia•2020

  • The association between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and subjective well-being

    Jacinth J X Tan, Michael W Kraus et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2020

  • Perceived income inequality, perceived unfairness and subjective social status in Europe

    Open Access•Gábor Hajdu•Socio-Economic Review•2024

  • Financial-related discrimination and socioeconomic inequalities in psychological well-being related measures

    Open Access•Lucy Bridson, Eric Robinson et al.•BMC Public Health•2024

  • Advances and Open Questions in the Science of Subjective Well-Being

    Open Access•Ed Diener, Richard E Lucas et al.•Collabra•2018

  • The psychosocial effects of economic inequality depend on its perception

    Open Access•Guillermo B Willis, Efraín García-Sánchez et al.•Nature Reviews Psychology•2022

  • The psychological consequences of income inequality

    Open Access•Nicholas Buttrick, Oishi et al.•Social and Personality Psychology…•2017

  • A social identity analysis of responses to economic inequality

    Open Access•Jolanda Jetten, Zhechen Wang et al.•Current Opinion in Psychology•2017

  • Organizations and Societal Economic Inequality

    Hari Bapuji, Gokhan Ertug et al.•Academy of Management Annals•2020

  • Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Well-Being

    Open Access•Ginés Navarro-Carrillo, Ginés Navarro‐carrillo et al.•Frontiers in Psychology•2020

  • Dishonesty When the Game Is Unfair

    Silvia Galdi, Federica Durante et al.•Social Psychology•2023

  • Envy in Social Comparison–Behaviour Relationship

    Open Access•Jia Yuin Fam, Sri Bala Murugan et al.•Psychological Studies•2020

  • The Policy Information Gap and Resettlers’ Well-Being

    Open Access•Cong Li, Minglai Li•International Journal of…•2020

  • Confinement Situation of the Spanish Population during the Health Crisis of Covid-19

    Open Access•Antonio Zayas García, Ana Merchán Clavellino et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • The Relationship between Just World Beliefs and Life Satisfaction

    Open Access•Warren G Harding, Jasmin Tahmaseb Mcconatha et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Perceived economic inequality is linked to poorer sleep quality

    Open Access•Wenxuan Liu, Qinglu Wu et al.•BMC Psychology•2025

  • Parental Migration and Psychological Well-Being of Children in Rural China

    Open Access•Rui Chen, Li Zhou•International Journal of…•2021

  • Perceived Family Socioeconomic Status and Subjective Well-being in Chinese Youth and Adolescents

    Open Access•Cheng Guo, Xin Li•Child Indicators Research•2025

  • (A)symmetries in beauty-status exchange

    Open Access•Joanna Syrda•Economics & Human Biology•2025

  • Objective Relative Income Impacts Life Satisfaction and Positive Affect Only When Subjective Absolute Income is High

    Open Access•Qin Zhao, Tao Chen•Psychological Reports•2023

  • The personality traits of self-made and inherited millionaires

    Open Access•Marius Leckelt, Johannes König et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2022

  • Exploring subjective well-being using machine learning

    Open Access•Vinod Sharma, Yogesh Mahajan et al.•Cogent Social Sciences•2025

  • The relation between family socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms among children and adolescents in mainland China

    Open Access•Yingnan Niu, Xiaolin Guo et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2024

  • Social comparison, resilience, life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety among earthquake survivors in Turkey

    Open Access•Abdurrahim Güler, Songül Gül Tekdal et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2024

  • Life Satisfaction and Subjective/Objective Socioeconomic Status in European Countries

    Open Access•Atefeh Bagherianziarat, Dana Hamplová•Fudan Journal of the Humanities…•2026

  • Social Comparisons Under Pandemic Stress

    Open Access•Antje Jantsch, Gertrud Buchenrieder et al.•Journal of Happiness Studies•2024

  • China’s Happiness in the New Century, 2003–2021

    Open Access•Jinyang Yang, Ziyi Yang•Journal of Happiness Studies•2025

  • Mitigating the Negative Effects of Lower-Class Backgrounds on Subjective Well-Being

    Open Access•Youngju Kim, Xyle Ku et al.•Journal of Happiness Studies•2025

  • Earnings, Intersectional Earnings Inequality, Disappointment in One’s Life Achievements and Life (Dis)satisfaction

    Open Access•Wendy Magee•Journal of Happiness Studies•2023

  • Social Equity Perception and Subjective Well-Being

    Open Access•Fan Yang, Yunfeng Li et al.•Journal of Happiness Studies•2025

  • Subjective Inequity Aversion

    Open Access•Sandra Bohmann, Fabian Kalleitner•Journal of Happiness Studies•2026

  • The perception of economic inequality in everyday life

    Open Access•Juan Diego García-Castro, Efraín García-Sánchez et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2022

  • Subjective social class and life satisfaction

    Open Access•Bek Wuay Tang, Jacinth J X Tan•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2022

  • Perceived income inequality increases status seeking among low social class individuals

    Open Access•Hongfei Du, Anli Chen et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2022

  • Income and life satisfaction of dual‐earner couples

    Open Access•Chen Chen, Huang Fei et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2021

  • Cultural psychology of inequality

    Open Access•Oishi, Hyeonjin Bak et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2022

  • Gentrification, Health, and Intermediate Pathways

    H S Versey•Housing Policy Debate•2023

  • The impact of subjective social class on subjective well-being

    Open Access•Bin Li, Weinan Yu et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • Adaptation and validation of the Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (Peiel) scale in Chilean adults

    Open Access•L C Rodríguez-González, Paula Repetto et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Leveraging Upward Social Comparison in Social Media to Promote Healthy Parenting

    Minjin Rheu, Wei Peng et al.•Health Communication•2023

  • The open‐and‐shut case against inequality

    Open Access•Jan Vandemoortele•Development Policy Review•2021

  • Global change in adolescent social media use (2018–2022)

    Open Access•Claudia Marino, Michela Bersia et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2025

  • Heterogeneity in green hotel preferences

    Open Access•Zuwei Xie, Long Wen et al.•Tourism Management•2026

  • Normative effect of economic inequality

    Open Access•Andrea Velandia-Morales, Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón et al.•International Journal of Social…•2023

  • Perception of economic inequality

    Open Access•J C Castillo, Juan Diego García-Castro et al.•International Journal of Social…•2022

  • Economic Inequality Fosters the Belief That Success Is Zero-Sum

    Open Access•Shai Davidai•Personality and Social Psychology…•2025

  • Income Is a Stronger Predictor of Subjective Social Class in More Economically Unequal Places

    Open Access•Youngju Kim, Nicolas Sommet•Personality and Social Psychology…•2025

  • Inequality and Social Rank

    Open Access•Edika G Quispe-Torreblanca, Gordon D A Brown et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2021

  • Wage (in)equality matters

    Eva Moreno-Bella, Benedykt Zientara et al.•The Journal of Social Psychology•2023

  • Examining the indirect effect of income on well‐being via individual‐based relative deprivation

    Open Access•Kieren J Lilly, C G Sibley et al.•International Journal of Psychology•2024

  • The shifting happiness return to higher education over 50 years

    Open Access•Shoko Araki, Shiyuan Li•Higher Education•2026

  • From “haves” to “have nots”

    Open Access•Rebecca Peretz-Lange, Teresa Harvey et al.•Cognition•2022

  • Economic inequality fosters unethical behaviour by promoting the perception of immoral and competitive normative climates

    Open Access•Peng Sun, Hui Li et al.•British Journal of Psychology•2025

  • Exploring the relationship between income inequality and crime in Toronto using frequentist and Bayesian models

    Open Access•Renan Cai, Su-Yin Tan et al.•Environment and Planning B Urban…•2025

  • Income Inequality Reduces Civic Honesty

    Open Access•Hongfei Du, Anli Chen et al.•Social Psychological and…•2021

  • Status-Based Asymmetries in Relative Deprivation During the Covid-19 Pandemic

    Open Access•Kieren J Lilly, C G Sibley et al.•Social Psychological and…•2024

  • Racial Income Inequality, Perceptions of Competition, and Negative Interracial Outcomes

    Open Access•Jonathan Gordils, Nicolas Sommet et al.•Social Psychological and…•2020

  • Income Inequality, Life Satisfaction, and Economic Worries

    Open Access•Bettina Roth, Elisabeth Hahn et al.•Social Psychological and…•2017

  • The Sharp Spikes of Poverty

    Open Access•Jon M Jachimowicz, Elsebeth Frey et al.•Social Psychological and…•2022

  • Live long and prosper

    Michael D Briscoe, Jennifer E Givens et al.•Environmental Sociology•2025

  • Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Improves Well-being in Healthy Black Women

    Open Access•Cortnie Hartwig, Natalie N Watson-Singleton et al.•Journal of African American Studies•2024

  • Which socio-economic comparison groups do individuals choose and why

    Open Access•Alexi Gugushvili•European Societies•2020

  • Problematic social media use and adolescent mental well-being

    Open Access•Seyma Celik, Pablo Gracia•Information Communication & Society•2026

  • Economic inequality shapes the agency–communion content of gender stereotypes

    Open Access•Eva Moreno-Bella, Guillermo B Willis et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2022

  • A social identity analysis of how pay inequality divides the workplace

    Open Access•Porntida Tanjitpiyanond, Jolanda Jetten et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2022

  • Social outcomes of energy use in the United Kingdom

    Open Access•Marta Baltruszewicz, J Steinberger et al.•Ecological Economics•2022

  • Relative income and value congruence in dual‐income couples

    Open Access•Laurens Bujold Steed, Scott B Dust et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2023

  • Looking up or down on the social ladder

    Open Access•Rafael Demczuk, Danielle Mantovani et al.•Journal of Behavioral Decision…•2022

  • Financial Stress and the Relative Income Hypothesis Among Black College Students

    Open Access•K J White•Contemporary Family Therapy•2020

  • I choose to be powerful

    Ángel Del Fresno‐díaz, Ángel Sánchez-Rodríguez et al.•The Social Science Journal•2021

  • Income inequality in local economies

    Open Access•David M Yaskewich•The Social Science Journal•2019

  • Fairness Matters

    Open Access•Thomas Dufhues, Gertrud Buchenrieder et al.•Social Indicators Research•2026

  • Does Inequality Cause a Difference in Altruism Between the Rich and the Poor? Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment

    Open Access•Y S Chiang, J C Chen•Social Indicators Research•2018

  • Can an equal world reduce problematic social media use? Evidence from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study in 43 countries

    Matteo Lenzi, Frank J Elgar et al.•Information Communication & Society•2023

  • Income redistribution predicts greater life satisfaction across individual, national, and cultural characteristics

    Freda Cheung•Journal of Personality and Social…•2018

  • Perceived economic inequality and pro-environmental behaviors

    Open Access•Janaki Imbulana Arachchi, Shunsuke Managi•Sustainable Futures•2025

  • Associations of objective and subjective relative deprivation with health, happiness, and life satisfaction

    Open Access•Cheng-Tian Kuo, Duan-Rung Chen et al.•SSM - Population Health•2024

  • Income rank and life satisfaction

    Open Access•Tapasya Raj, Srikanth Reddy Umenthala•SSM - Population Health•2024

  • The Cost of Inequality

    Open Access•Peng Sun, Qing Xie et al.•Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology•2026

  • Economic Inequality Increases Negative Affect

    Open Access•Wenxuan Liu, Hongfei Du et al.•Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology•2026

  • Social Class Identity Integration and Success for First-Generation College Students

    Sarah D Herrmann, Michael E W Varnum et al.•Self and Identity•2021

  • Psychological pathways linking income inequality in adolescence to well-being in adulthood

    Lora E Park, Han Young Jung et al.•Self and Identity•2020

  • Fighting for what’s fair

    Open Access•Finn Lannon, Jenny Roth et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2025

  • How Economic Inequality Affects Ingroup Stereotypes Among the Economically Disadvantaged Individuals

    Open Access•Keke Zhu, Toon Kuppens et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2025

  • Does housing wealth inequality affect young adults' happiness and expectations of social mobility? evidence from Seoul, South Korea

    Open Access•Jaewon Seo, Jangik Jin•Cities•2025

  • Mutlak Gelir ve Yaşam Memnuniyeti

    Open Access•Songül Gül Tekdal•Politik Ekonomik Kuram•2023

  • Testing the sociocultural model of eating disorders

    Open Access•E A Harris, F K Barlow et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2026

  • Income inequality, perceived competitiveness, and approach‐avoidance motivation

    Open Access•Nicolas Sommet, Andrew J Elliot et al.•Journal of Personality•2019

  • Social Comparison in Coping With Occupational Uncertainty

    Open Access•Maria K Pavlova, Clemens M Lechner et al.•Journal of Personality•2018

  • The psychological imprint of inequality

    Open Access•Hongfei Du, Friedrich M Götz et al.•Journal of Personality•2024

  • Too Zen to Act? Trait Mindfulness Negatively Associates With Economic Inequality‐Related Collective Action Through BIS Sensitivity

    Open Access•Mauro Giacomantonio, Nadia Valsecchi et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2026

  • When inequality suppresses aspiration

    Open Access•Guoxiong Zhao, Yiyi Fu et al.•Journal of Rural Studies•2026

  • Divine discontent

    Debra Lynne Shepherd•Consumption Markets & Culture•2021

  • Four Decades of Challenges by Culture to Mainstream Psychology

    Open Access•P B Smith, Michael Harris Bond•Journal of Cross-Cultural…•2022

  • National Affluence Strengthens the Positive Association Between Perceived Social Mobility and Subjective-Well-Being

    W K Cheng Hin Ng, Weiting Ng•The Journal of Psychology•2026

  • The social psychology of economic inequality, redistribution, and subjective well-being

    Margaux N A Wienk, Nicholas Buttrick et al.•European Review of Social…•2022

  • The economic inequality as normative information model (Einim)

    Ángel Sánchez-Rodríguez, Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón et al.•European Review of Social…•2023

  • Well-Being for Public Policy

    Ed Diener, Richard E Lucas et al.•Well-being for public policy•2009

  • Money and mental wellbeing

    Open Access•Jonathan Gardner, Andrew J Oswald•Journal of Health Economics•2007

  • Effect size estimates

    Catherine O Fritz, Peter E Morris et al.•Journal of Experimental…•2012

  • Two Happiness Puzzles

    Angus Deaton, Arthur A Stone•American Economic Review•2013

  • Income Inequality and Status Seeking

    Open Access•Lukasz Walasek, Gordon D A Brown•Psychological Science•2015

  • Income Inequality and Happiness

    Open Access•Oishi, Shigehiro Oishi et al.•Psychological Science•2011

  • Is more always better?

    Open Access•Sara J Solnick, David Hemenway•Journal of Economic Behavior &…•1998

  • Estimating Interrater Agreement with the Average Deviation Index

    Open Access•Michael J Burke, William P Dunlap•Organizational Research Methods•2002

  • LmerTest

    Alexandra Kuznetsova, Per B Brockhoff et al.•CRAN: Contributed Packages•2013

  • Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being

    Betsey Stevenson, Justin Wolfers•National Bureau of Economic…•2008

  • Money and Happiness

    Open Access•Christopher J Boyce, Gordon D A Brown et al.•Psychological Science•2010

  • China’s life satisfaction, 1990–2010

    Open Access•Richard A Easterlin, Robson Morgan et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2012

  • The happiness–income paradox revisited

    Open Access•Richard A Easterlin, Laura Angelescu McVey et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2010

  • Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life

    Martin Pinquart, Sheiva Sorensen•Psychology and Aging•2000

  • Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models

    Craig K Enders, Davood Tofighi•Psychological Methods•2007

  • High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being

    Open Access•Daniel Kahneman, Angus Deaton•Proceedings of the National…•2010

  • Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all?

    Open Access•Richard A Easterlin•Journal of Economic Behavior &…•1995

  • Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence

    Open Access•Richard A Easterlin•Nations and households in…•1974

  • LmerTest Package

    Open Access•Alexandra Kuznetsova, Per B Brockhoff et al.•Journal of Statistical Software•2017

  • The Macroeconomics of Happiness

    Rafael Di Tella, Radha Macculloch et al.•The Review of Economics and…•2003

  • Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures

    Open Access•Freda Cheung, Felix Cheung et al.•Quality of Life Research•2014

  • Stability and variability in the relationship between subjective well-being and income

    Open Access•Maike Luhmann, Ulrich Schimmack et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•2011

  • Wealth and happiness across the world

    Ed Diener, Sik Hung Ng et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2010

  • Social comparisons of income in one's community

    Michael R Hagerty•Journal of Personality and Social…•2000

  • Rising income and the subjective well-being of nations

    Ed Diener, Louis Tay et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2013

  • Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility

    Andrew E Clark, Paul Frijters et al.•Journal of Economic Literature•2008

  • The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development

    Albert O Hirschman, Michael Rothschild•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•1973

  • Social capital, income inequality, and firearm violent crime

    Open Access•Bruce P Kennedy, Ichiro Kawachi et al.•Social Science & Medicine•1998

  • The relation of economic status to subjective well-being in developing countries

    Ryan T Howell, Colleen J Howell et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2008

  • The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect

    Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2005

  • Positive illusions and well-being revisited

    Shelley E Taylor, J D Brown•Psychological Bulletin•1994

  • Does positive affect influence health

    Sarah D Pressman, Sheldon Cohen•Psychological Bulletin•2005

  • Wealth and Happiness Revisited - Growing National Income Does Go with Greater Happiness

    Open Access•Michael R Hagerty, Ruut Veenhoven•Social Indicators Research•2003

  • Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being

    Open Access•Ed Diener, Robert Biswas-Diener•Social Indicators Research•2002

  • Estimating the Reliability of Single-Item Life Satisfaction Measures

    Open Access•Richard E Lucas, M Brent Donnellan•Social Indicators Research•2012

  • Predictors of Regional Well-Being

    Open Access•Nicole M Lawle, Nicole M Lawless et al.•Social Indicators Research•2011

  • The Effect of Income on General Life Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

    Open Access•Stefan Boe, Stefan Boes et al.•Social Indicators Research•2010

Unique citing works136
Citations per year15,11
Citation span2017 - 2026 (10)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 131

Tools

Open DOISci-HubOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae