You don't have to believe everything you read
Background knowledge permits fast and efficient validation of information
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6206322 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Tobias Richter (0000-0002-0467-9044, University of Cologne), Sascha Schroeder (0000-0001-7001-4588, University of Cologne), Britta Wöhrmann (University of Cologne) |
| Year | 2009 |
| Volume | 96 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 538-558 |
| Publication date | 2009-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/a0014038 |
| PMID | 19254102 |
| OpenAlex | W2050826034 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 57 |
| References cited | 47 |
In social cognition, knowledge-based validation of information is usually regarded as relying on strategic and resource-demanding processes. Research on language comprehension, in contrast, suggests that validation processes are involved in the construction of a referential representation of the communicated information. This view implies that individuals can use their knowledge to validate incoming information in a routine and efficient manner. Consistent with this idea, Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that individuals are able to reject false assertions efficiently when they have validity-relevant beliefs. Validation processes were carried out routinely even when individuals were put under additional cognitive load during comprehension. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the rejection of false information occurs automatically and interferes with affirmative responses in a nonsemantic task (epistemic Stroop effect). Experiment 4 also revealed complementary interference effects of true information with negative responses in a nonsemantic task. These results suggest the existence of fast and efficient validation processes that protect mental representations from being contaminated by false and inaccurate information
Cognition · Cognitive Load · Cognitive psychology · Comprehension · Mental representation · Representation (politics) · Stroop effect · Task (project management) · Child and Animal Learning Development · Computer Science · Educational Strategies and Epistemologies · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Knowing when to doubt
The Psychosocial Reality of Digital Travel
From Utterances to Speech Acts
Transportation and Need for Affect in Narrative Persuasion
Comprehension of Multiple Documents With Conflicting Information
Validation processes and reading purpose
Individual variation in undergraduate student metacognitive monitoring and error detection during biology model evaluation
Promoting students’ argument comprehension and evaluation skills
How anger works
Recollection of “true” feedback is better than “false” feedback independently of a priori beliefs
Self-deception and automatic belief
Spinozan Doxasticism About Delusions
Learning as an epistemic activity / El aprendizaje como actividad epistémica
The implicit guides to convincingness intuitions
The representational structure of linguistic understanding
Evaluative mindsets can protect against the influence of false information
Plausibility matters
Detecting falsehood relies on mismatch detection between sentence components
That’s My Truth
Communication
Alternative-based commitment
The Persuasive Influence of a Fictional Character's Trustworthiness
When and How Narratives Persuade
The Associative–Propositional Evaluation Model
The Psychology of Fake News
Epistemic Vigilance
The redundancy in cumulative information and how it biases impressions
Examining gullibility with sentence verification judgments
Cognition is a matter of trust
Memory for Scientific Arguments and Their Sources
Source Effects and Plausibility Judgments When Reading About Climate Change
Validation and Comprehension of Text Information
Does Validation During Language Comprehension Depend on an Evaluative Mindset
Processing the Outcomes of Characters’ Actions
Reading Skill Moderates the Impact of Semantic Similarity and Causal Specificity on the Coherence of Explanations
Measuring Comprehension Monitoring with the Inconsistency Task in Adolescents
The Role of Source Credibility in the Validation of Information Depends on the Degree of (Im-)Plausibility
Differentiating Text-Based and Knowledge-Based Validation Processes during Reading
The Role of Connectives and Stance Markers in the Processing of Subjective Causal Relations
Amazing Stories
Superman Takes a Taxi
Evaluating whether stories can promote social cognition
Validation
Knowledge Activation, Integration, and Validation During Narrative Text Comprehension
Comprehending Multiple Documents on Scientific Controversies
Gamers against science
The Achilles’ heel of the truth bias? High personal stakes reduce vulnerability to false information
Pragmatic encroachment and epistemically responsible action
Effective Filtering
Social and Cognitive Aspects of the Vulnerability to Political Misinformation
Synthetic Experiences
Aligning Spinoza with Descartes
Do we need dual-process theory to understand implicit bias? A study of the nature of implicit bias against Muslims
Bullshit as a Problem of Social Epistemology
The Influence of Paratext on Narrative Persuasion
Reading Fictional Stories and Winning Delayed Prizes
How and Why 1 Year Differs from 365 Days
Sources of the continued influence effect
Mood and Persuasion
Identification and inferential processes in dispositional attribution.
Gpower
Sentence comprehension
The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English
Updating a mental model
Examples of mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects and with binomial data
On the process of comparing sentences against pictures
A solution to Plato's problem
Multilevel Random Coefficient Analyses of Event- and Interval-Contingent Data in Social and Personality Psychology Research
Persuasive Effects of Fictional Narratives Increase Over Time
A process dissociation framework
The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension
Logic and Conversation
On The Language Instinct
Hierarchical linear models
Strategies of discourse comprehension
Resistance and Persuasion
Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, part II
The rocky road from acts to dispositions
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect
Response Times in Attitudinal Items as Indicators of the Continuous Accessibility of Knowledge Related to Attitudes
Introduction
What Is Wrong With Anova and Multiple Regression? Analyzing Sentence Reading Times With Hierarchical Linear Models
Accessing the discourse representation during reading
Inference Processes
Mental Models
Frege
Social explanation and social expectation
I am not guilty” vs “I am innocent”
Do YouReallyKnow What You Have Seen? Intrusion Errors and Presuppositions Effects on Constructive Memory
How mental systems believe
The correspondence bias
Constructive biases in social judgment
You can't not believe everything you read
"Why people say "yes
Perseverance of social theories
Encoding Under Trust and Distrust
The perceptual and inferential effects of situational inducements on dispositional attribution
Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion
Unbelieving the unbelievable
The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion
Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers
Situation models in language comprehension and memory
How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations
| Unique citing works | 57 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,56 |
| Citation span | 2010 - 2026 (17) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 56 |