Coping With Tragedies of the Commons
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6232880 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Elinor Ostrom (Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis; Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408-3895), Элинор Остром (Indiana University Bloomington, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1999 |
| Volume | 2 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 493-535 |
| Publication date | 1999-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Annual Review of Political Science (BOOK_SERIES) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1094-2939 • E-ISSN: 1545-1577 |
| Publisher | Annual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.493 |
| OpenAlex | W2125342289 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 370 |
| References cited | 72 |
Contemporary policy analysis of the governance of common-pool resources is based on three core assumptions: (a) resource users are norm-free maximizers of immediate gains, who will not cooperate to overcome the commons dilemmas they face; (b) designing rules to change incentives of participants is a relatively simple analytical task; and (c) organization itself requires central direction. The chapter shows that these assumptions are a poor foundation for policy analysis. Findings from carefully controlled laboratory experiments that challenge the first assumption are summarized. A different assumption that humans are fallible, boundedly rational, and norm-using is adopted. The complexity of using rules as tools to change the structure of commons dilemmas is then discussed, drawing on extensive research on rules in field settings. Viewing all policies as experiments with a probability of failure, recent research on a different form of general organization—that of complex adaptive systems—is applied to the process of changing rules. The last sections examine the capabilities and limits of a series of completely independent resource governance systems and the importance of encouraging the evolution of polycentric governance systems
Common-pool resource · Commons · Corporate governance · Economics · Incentive · Law and economics · Management · Management science · Microeconomics · Norm (philosophy · Political science · Positive economics · Computer Science · Culture, Economy, and Development Studies · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies · Law
Seeing Sea Country
Derechos bioculturales
Mechanisms of Resilience in Common-pool Resource Management Systems
Transition Landscapes and Social Networks
Sustainable Product Indexing
The capacity to adapt
Care-based leadership in a core-periphery network
Fifteen Weddings and a Funeral
Community owned solutions
Effects of social change on wildlife consumption taboos in northeastern Madagascar
An Uncommon Scholar of the Commons
Can the center hold? Boundary actors and marginality in a community-based natural resource management network
Landscape Influences on Fisher Success
Strengthening Regional Cohesion
Transfers of vulnerability through adaptation plan implementation
Is Validation of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge a Disrespectful Process? A Case Study of Traditional Fishing Poisons and Invasive Fish Management from the Wet Tropics, Australia
Institutions and the resilience of biobased production systems
Overfishing Drivers and Opportunities for Recovery in Small-Scale Fisheries of the Midriff Islands Region, Gulf of California, Mexico
A Politicized, Legal Pluralist Analysis of the Commons' Resilience
Prescriptions for adaptive comanagement
An Integrated Approach to Analyzing (Adaptive) Comanagement Using the "Politicized" IAD Framework
Governança Da Água E Os Elementos Essenciais Para Prevenir Crises Planetárias
O turismo como um bem comum e o papel da juventude em sua gestão no quilombo de Ivaporunduva no Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brasil
Ecosystem services generated by fish populations
An institutional framework for designing and monitoring ecosystem-based fisheries management policy experiments
Construyendo nuevos posibles a partir de la articulación entre resiliencia, aprendizaje social y sistema escolar
Measuring the Economic Value of Open Source Software
The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements
Nesting, Subsidiarity, and Community-based environmental Governance beyond the Local Scale
A multi-level perspective on conserving with communities
Polycentric Governance as a Practical Strategy for Balanced Policing
Zukunft gestalten mit Sozialen Innovationen
Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia
Landscape Archaeology of the Commons of the Bouleste/Labas Valley, Hautes-Pyrénées
Resilience and sustainable development
Integrating Social Science into the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network
Dynamics of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change in Tropical Regions
The Importance of Taboos and Social Norms to Conservation in Madagascar
Do institutions for collective action evolve?
Decentralization of Natural Resource Governance Regimes
The research agenda on social acceptance of distributed generation in smart grids
Policies for reduced deforestation and their impact on agricultural production
Environmental governance
Crafting analytical tools to study institutional change
Environmental Stewardship
What do people bring into the game? Experiments in the field about cooperation in the commons
A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas
Beyond Markets and States
Cultural heritage in the realm of the commons
Un survol de la théorie des biens communs
Exploring Commons Theory for Principles of a Socialist Governmentality
A Pragmatist Approach to the Proper Scope of Government
The tragedy of the tragedy of the commons
Governing at arm’s length
L'Année de la régulation n° 7 (2003-2004)
Restructuring Politics
How Institutions Evolve
Façonner des outils d’analyse pour étudier le changement institutionnel
Gender mainstreaming in times of crisis
Negotiated Autonomy
A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Rules for Nuanced Analysis of Governance Systems
Who leads matters
“A Persistent Truth”—Reflections on Drought Risk Management in Southern Africa
Using Twentieth-Century U.S. Weather Modification Policy to Gain Insight into Global Climate Remediation Governance Issues
Trust and Patience after a Tornado
Des choses et des hommes
Reframing food as a commons in Canada
Governança dos comuns e conflitos na gestão da bacia do Rio Itanhém no extremo sul da Bahia
Resolving the unintended consequences of collective co-production through group co-production
When does group chat promote cooperation in shared resource governance
Disaster management and the need for a reinstated social contract of shared responsibility
Toward a More Globally Attuned Degrowth
From incremental to transformative adaptation in individual responses to climate-exacerbated hazards
The Missing Ingredients for a Polycentric Governance System of Orbital Debris
Fishing rights to water estates and food security in coastal Bangladesh
Guidelines for Revitalizing International Organizations for the Post-Covid-19 Era
Creating a Resilient Ecosystem for the Employment of Autistic Individuals
Eliciting actors’ perspectives in integrated watershed management
Land trusts’ relationship to local public planning in metropolitan US counties
Resilience of communal water management in La Gomera (Canary Islands)
Empowering small-scale, community-based fisheries through a food systems framework
Why Does Polycentric Governance Work for Some Project Sites and Not Others? Explaining the Sustainability of Tramline Projects in the Philippines
Polycentric Governance and Decentralized Decision-Making for Pervasive Spectrum Sharing
The Bodies of the Commons
Learning and Adaptation in Polycentric Transport Governance
Melkeveien
Polycentric democracy and dynamic political stability
From Community Forest Management to Polycentric Governance
Structural Power Dynamics in Polycentric Water Governance Networks
The Limits of Polycentric Governing Regimes
The Tragedy of the Commodity
Crossing the Borders of Humanitarianism
Resilience Management in Social-ecological Systems
Resilience of Past Landscapes
An Immune System Perspective on Ecosystem Management
Social Traps and the Problem of Trust
Relational forestry
Beyond participation
The CBD Post‐2020 biodiversity framework
Governance characteristics and feelings of safety are associated with attitudinal success in community‐based natural resource management & conservation organizations in northern Kenya
Hidden order
Village republics
The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II
Polycentricity and Local Public Economies
Governing the Commons
Smallholders, Householders
Parallel Systems
Polycentric Governance and Development
The benefits of the commons
Mobile Flows, Storage, and Self-Organized Institutions for Governing Common-Pool Resources
An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining
Communication and Free‐riding Behavior
Irrigation's impact on society
The Question of the commons
An evolutionary theory of economic change
Making the commons work
Halting Degradation of Natural Resources
Governing the Commons
Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources
Priests and Programmers
The Lobster Gangs of Maine
The Meaning of Democracy and the Vulnerabilities of Democracies
Community, Anarchy and Liberty
On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition
Of Rule and Revenue
Scale misperceptions and the spatial dynamics of a social–ecological system
Cooperation, Communication and Communitarianism
The management of irrigation systems
Donor-initiated common pool resource institutions
Giving with Impure Altruism
The Fishery
Reforms as experiments
I Get By With a Little Help From My Friends
Federalism. Redundancy and System Reliability
Redundancy, Rationality, and the Problem of Duplication and Overlap
Institutional Incentives for Resource Mobilization
Crime and Punishment
Common Property, Collective Action and Community
In Good Times and Bad
Choices of Principles of Distributive Justice in Experimental Groups
Conversation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
The Tragedy of the Commons
Cheap Talk
And the Desert Shall Rejoice
Depletion of Common Property Resources in India
How do Local Institutions Mediate Market and Population Pressures on Resources? Forest Panchayats in Kumaon, India
Covenants with and without a Sword
A Grammar of Institutions
A "Cognitive Miser" Theory of Cooperators Advantage
The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas
A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action
The Cement of Society
Principles of Social Organization in an Indigenous Irrigation System
| Unique citing works | 370 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 12,33 |
| Citation span | 1996 - 2026 (31) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 344 |