A Taxonomy of Protest Voting
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6232984 |
|---|---|
| Authors | R Michael Alvarez (0000-0002-8113-4451, California Institute of Technology), D Roderick Kiewiet (California Institute of Technology), Lucas Núñez (0000-0001-5107-6775, California Institute of Technology) |
| Year | 2018 |
| Volume | 21 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 135-154 |
| Publication date | 2018-05-11 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Annual Review of Political Science (BOOK_SERIES) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1094-2939 • E-ISSN: 1545-1577 |
| Publisher | Annual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-120425 |
| OpenAlex | W2800200046 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 48 |
| References cited | 40 |
Observers of elections often report that voters have engaged in protest voting. We find that “protest voting” refers to a wide range of behaviors, and we create a taxonomy of these phenomena. Support for fringe or insurgent parties is often labeled as protest voting. Voting theorists have used the term in a completely different way, identifying an unusual type of tactical voting as protest voting. Protest voting also occurs when voters cast blank, null, or spoiled ballots. There are also instances when protest voting is organized and directed by political elites. Finally, several countries provide voters with the option of casting a vote for “None of the Above,” which some see as a form of protest voting. In addition to developing this taxonomy, we discuss the analytical and empirical challenges confronting research on each type of protest voting
Disapproval voting · First-past-the-post voting · Instant-runoff voting · Law and economics · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Ranked voting system · Sociology · Straight-ticket voting · Taxonomy (biology · Voting · Voting behavior · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Law · Political Conflict and Governance · Populism, Right-Wing Movements
Athenian Ostracism and its Original Purpose
Studying more to vote less. Education and voter turnout in Italy
Geography of contestation
Why Voting Does Not Imply Consenting
The blank ballot crisis
Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Electoral Abstention
The protest voting behaviour among local voters in the 2020 Surakarta mayoral election
Negative Campaigns, Negative Votes? Meanings of Voting and Political Campaigns
From Breakthrough to Breakdown? Analyzing the Pirate Party of Luxembourg through a Supply-and-Demand Framework
Conservatives, nationalists, and incumbent support in Turkey
Ballot spoilage as a response to limitations on choice and influence
Accounting for Protest Voting in the U.S. Congress
Coordinated Voting Against the Autocracy
Are Canadian Voting System Reform “Trade-Offs” Really Trade-Offs? Operationalizing Voting System Values and Assessing the Evidence
Voting against or against voting
Political violence and invalid voting
Electronic voting and invalid votes
Abstention, Protest, and Residual Votes in the 2016 Election
Turnout and Invalid Voting in Brazilian Municipal Elections
Constituency Service and Valence Voting in Semi-Competitive Elections
Young democrats, critical citizens and protest voters
Socialized into illegal protest? The impact of voting and social media participation
Balance-Minded Voting in Post-2012 Japan
The authoritarian and populist background of the far-right vote in the post-crisis Greece
Arrived in Power, and Yet Still Disgruntled? How Government Inclusion Moderates ‘Protest Voting’ for Far-Right Populist Parties in Europe
Italy in times of protest and negative voting
Voided Ballots in the 2012 Parliamentary Election in Serbia
Ballot design and invalid votes
Natural disasters and voting behavior under authoritarian regimes
An Empirical Analysis of Invalid Voting in Municipal Elections
Beyond anger and fear
The Sociodemographic and Institutional Determinants of Invalid Voting
Smart enough to make a difference? An empirical test of the efficacy of strategic voting in Russia’s authoritarian elections
Technology and protest
Overvotes, Overranks, and Skips
Why vote for an independent? The relevance of negative identity, independent identity, and dealignment in a pro-independent political environment
Public policy and elections in authoritarian regimes
The Covid pandemic enters the ballot box
How the 2017 Federal Election in Germany Affected Satisfaction with Democracy among AfD Voters
Who would vote Nota? Explaining a ‘none of the above’ choice in eight countries
Anticipated Election Result and Protest Voting
Nota
Integration as a Precondition for Enfranchisement? Swiss Public Opinion on Noncitizen Voting Rights
When the Identity of the Perpetrator Matters
Does disability affect support for political parties
Protesting with the ballot
How the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and their voters veered to the radical right, 2013-2017
I Would Prefer Not To
Making Votes Count
What Causes People to Vote for a Radical Right Party?' A Rejoinder to van der Brug and Fennema
The electoral consequences of alienation
Losing to nobody? Nevada's “none of these candidates” ballot reform
Protest voting in plurality elections
A Theory of Protest Voting
Anti‐immigrant Parties in Europe
Strategic Eurosceptics and polite xenophobes
Anti-immigrant, politically disaffected or still racist after all? Examining the attitudinal drivers of extreme right support in Britain in the 2009 European elections
What Unites Right-Wing Populists in Western Europe
Exit, Voice, and Cyclicality
Throwing out the Bums
Voided Ballots in the 1996 Presidential Election
Residual Votes Attributable to Technology
Podemos and Ciudadanos Shake up the Spanish Party System
The Passive-Aggressive Voter
Unhappy, Uninformed, or Uninterested? Understanding “None of the Above” Voting
Who Overvotes, Who Undervotes, Using Punchcards? Evidence from Los Angeles County
Ignorance or Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments
Compulsory Voting, Invalid Ballots, and Abstention in Brazil
Expressive and Strategic Behavior in Legislative Elections in Argentina
Incompetence, Alienation, or Calculation
Protest or Error? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting
Economics, Issues and the Perot Candidacy
The Two Faces of Tactical Voting
Internet Voting in Comparative Perspective
Electoral Participation in the French Fifth Republic
Minor parties and protest votes in Australia and New Zealand
Institutions, society or protest? Explaining invalid votes in Australian elections
The presidential election in Peru, April 2000
Determinants of invalid voting in Latin America
Ultimas imágenes antes del naufragio
The Significance of Void Ballots in West German Elections
Strategic and Protest Voting for Third Parties
| Unique citing works | 48 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5,33 |
| Citation span | 2017 - 2026 (10) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 48 |