International organizations as teachers of norms
The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural Organization and science policy
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6270318 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Martha Finnemore (0000-0002-6828-1641, George Washington University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1993 |
| Volume | 47 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 565-597 |
| Publication date | 1993-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Organization (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0020-8183 • E-ISSN: 1531-5088 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1017/s0020818300028101 |
| OpenAlex | W1997235874 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 375 |
| References cited | 32 |
Most explanations for the creation of new state institutions locate the cause of change in the conditions or characteristics of the states themselves. Some aspect of a state's economic, social, political, or military situation is said to create a functional need for the new bureaucracy which then is taken up by one or more domestic groups who succeed in changing the state apparatus. However, changes in state structure may be prompted not only by changing conditions of individual states but also by socialization and conformance with international norms. In the case of one organizational innovation recently adopted by states across the international system, namely, science policy bureaucracies, indicators of state conditions and functional need for these entities are not correlated with the pattern for their adoption. Instead, adoption was prompted by the activities of an international organization which “taught” states the value of science policy organizations and established the coordination of science as an appropriate, and even a necessary, role for states. This finding lends support to constructivist or reflective theories that treat states as social entities shaped by international social action, as opposed to more conventional treatments of states as autonomous international agents
Action (physics · Bureaucracy · International relations · Political science · Politics · Public relations · Social science · Socialization · Sociology · State (computer science · Value (mathematics · International Development and Aid · International Relations and Foreign Policy · Law · Policy Transfer and Learning · Public Administration
Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance
Difficult Partnerships
Learning from Foreign Models
Triggering the Norms Cascade
The Institutional Sources of Defense-Industrial Policy—Evidence from Poland
Accessing International Policy Diffusion
The Cascade
International Security Institutions
Social Cues
Women and States
Immigration and Politics in the New Europe
Mercenaries
The Enlargement of the European Union and Nato
Globalization and Education
Death of international organizations. The organizational ecology of intergovernmental organizations, 1815–2015
Cooperation in World Politics
Pension Reform in the European Periphery
System of Political Organization of the World
The Diffusion of Disability Rights in Europe
Institutionalism and Globalization Studies
Handbook of Social Problems
Changing state structures
A ‘Rogue’ Gone Norm Entrepreneurial? Iran within the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime
Why Status Matters in World Politics
Institutions and Entrepreneurship
Ideology and Networks
Políticas de Nanotecnologia em Argentina, Brasil e México
Elite Socialization Diffusion
La influencia del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo en la política de ciencia y tecnología de Argentina
Education policy between persistence and change
Kontestation, Politisierung, Herrschaft
Étudier l’enseignement supérieur dans les Afriques
Studying Higher Education in Multi-Faceted Africa
Informal IGOs as Mediators of Power Shifts
International organisations in vocational education and training
L'impact des traités internationaux se limite‐t‐il aux États qui les ont ratifiés? L'influence des conventions de l'OIT relatives à la protection de la maternité dans 160 pays entre 1883 et 2018
Constructing a “Scientific Manpower Crisis”
Portraying nation-states and the international community
A difficult change
Transnational density and transnational intensity
Grassroots Activism and the Evolution of Transitional Justice
The African Human Rights System, Activist Forces and International Institutions
The Cultural Logic of Politics in Mainland China and Taiwan
The Past Can't Heal Us
Measuring Religion in Global Civil Society
Power and Relation in the World Polity
From zero-Covid to global alignment
International norm development and change
IMF Conditionality on Corruption
Translating Pisa
Getting to Reparations
Beyond conditionality
Bureaucratic Networks and Government Spending
O transnacional na história da educação
“Scientific independence”, capacity building, and the development of Unesco’s science and technology agenda for Africa
Reporting the International System
La traducción de las ideas globales en la gobernanza de la educación secundaria en Colombia
The competence-based approach as the international norm in higher education
From diffusion to contestation
Rezago y asimetrías de las política nacional e internacional de ciberseguridad de México frente Estados Unidos y Canadá
The changing global norm of anti-corruption
The uneven globalization of civil society organizations and the consequences for cross‐national disparities in human development
State of the art
Influencer, détourner, bloquer la « bonne gouvernance » au Burundi
The Emulation and Adaptation of a Global Model of Clinical Practice Guidelines on Chronic Heart Failure in BRICS Countries
Getting to the root of the problem
Transparency for governance
Selective Adoption or Comprehensive Learning? Domestic Policy Makers’ Use of International Organization and Global Management Consulting Firm Advice in Future Skills Policy Making in Canada
Climate change framings and linkages across international organizations
Exploring the planetary health equity governance supercluster complex
The construction and spread of global models
The rise of the social state as a global model
The authority of meta-organisations
Unpacking the glocalization of organization
Cold war isomorphism
Transparent autocracies
The hard truths about soft power
Norms for the Earth
Women, Peace, and Security
Judicial globalization from below
Implementing ‘new’ norms? Examining ‘john school’ policies in the United States
Norm Evolution a Matter of Conformity and Contestedness
Localization and Subsidiarity in Brazil’s Engagement with the Responsibility to Protect
The Ministerialization of Transitional Justice
Financial compliance in Cohesion Policy
EU-Russia Educational Cooperation as a Democracy Promotion Mechanism
Brokering change
A combinatorial theory of institutional invention
World Culture and Transnational Economic Governance
Market building in Asia
NGOs and the European Union
Keeping Up With Which Joneses
Global Labor Migration
Geopolitics and revenue transparency in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan
The Institutional Foundations of the Uneven Global Spread of Constitutional Courts
The Critical Role of Mass Media in International Norm Diffusion
Why International Organizations Should Bring Basic Needs Back in
The Myth of the Eclectic IR Scholar
Diffusion Through Issue Linkage
Domestic Provision of Global Public Goods
The physicists
Studies of the modern world-system
The new politics of science
Structural conflict
International Institutions
Unesco and World Politics
Unesco
Science, Technology and Society
The scientific role
Scientists, government and organised research in Great Britain 1914?16
Scientific organisation and science policy in imperial Germany, 1871?1914
Scientists as an inferior class
A Patron for Pure Science
Neorealism and its critics
International regimes
Unesco
Hope and Folly
International Institutions
Do regimes matter? Epistemic communities and Mediterranean pollution control
Socialization and hegemonic power
Introduction
International organization
Science in the Federal Government
Prerequisites Versus Diffusion
| Unique citing works | 375 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 12,1 |
| Citation span | 1995 - 2026 (32) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 370 |