Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The Mind of the Terrorist

A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches

Bibliographic Data

ID6283767
AuthorsJeff Victoroff (Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Southern California School of Medicine, corresponding author)
Year2005
Volume49
Issue1
Pages3-42
Publication date2005-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Conflict Resolution (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-0027 • E-ISSN: 1552-8766
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0022002704272040
OpenAlexW2130534342
LanguageEN
Citations received183
References cited90

This article reviews the state of the art of available theories and data regarding the psychology of terrorism. Data and theoretical material were gathered from the world’s unclassified literature. Multiple theories and some demographic data have been published, but very few controlled empirical studies have been conducted investigating the psychological bases of terrorism. The field is largely characterized by theoretical speculation based on subjective interpretation of anecdotal observations. Moreover, most studies and theories fail to take into account the great heterogeneity of terrorists. Many practical, conceptual, and psychological barriers have slowed progress in this important field. Nonetheless, even at this early stage of terrorism studies, preliminary reports suggest that modifiable social and psychological factors contribute to the genesis of the terrorist mind-set. Psychological scholarship could possibly mitigate the risk of catastrophic attack by initiating the long overdue scientific study of terrorist mentalities

Criminology · Economics · Epistemology · Field (mathematics · Interpretation (philosophy · Political science · Positive economics · Psychological research · Scholarship · Speculation · Terrorism · Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion · Law · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology · Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence

  • Está la psicopatología relacionada con el terrorismo? Una revisión sistemática sobre las evidencias disponibles en actores grupales y solitarios

    Open Access•Victoria Espejo Márquez, Miguel A Maldonado et al.•Revista de Estudios Sociales•2026

  • The individual risk assessment of terrorism

    Jl Monahan, John Monahan•Psychology Public Policy and Law•2012

  • The Psychology of Terrorism

    Arie W Kruglanski, Shira Fishman•Terrorism and Political Violence•2006

  • Suicide Terrorism

    Open Access•Joanna Lindström, Torun Lindholm•Encyclopedia of Evolutionary…•2020

  • Radicalization in Theory and Practice

    Open Access•Thierry Balzacq, Elyamine Settoul•Radicalization in Theory and…•2022

  • Natural Security

    Raphael Sagarin, Jennifer Hyndman et al.•Natural Security•2008

  • Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion and Violence

    Open Access•Candace Alcorta, Candace S Alcorta et al.•Evolutionary Perspectives on…•2022

  • Islam and Suicide Attacks

    Open Access•Pieter Nanninga•Islam and Suicide Attacks•2019

  • Inside the Radicalized Mind

    Open Access•Tiffiany Howard•Inside the Radicalized Mind•2025

  • The origins of terrorism

    Open Access•Andreas Freytag, JENS J KRÜGER et al.•European Journal of Political…•2011

  • Cognitive and behavioral radicalization

    Open Access•Michael Wolfowicz, Yael Litmanovitz et al.•Campbell Systematic Reviews•2021

  • Evaluating the Political Rationality of Terrorist Groups

    Eric van Um•Evaluating the Political…•2015

  • Norms and New Media as New Pillars of New Network Terrorism

    Open Access•Ahmad Saifuddin•al-Balagh Jurnal Dakwah dan…•2022

  • Perverted idealism and moral duty in an Italian terrorist

    Open Access•Lorenzo Franceschetti, Palmina Caruso et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2026

  • Victims or vanguards of terror

    Open Access•Tosin Osasona•Cogent Social Sciences•2022

  • Profiling terrorist organizations capable of high impact attacks

    Open Access•Puneet Pal Singh, David Philip et al.•Cogent Social Sciences•2023

  • Fifty years of scholarly research on terrorism

    Open Access•Milad Haghani, Erica D Kuligowski et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2022

  • La radicalisation

    Amos Squverer, Sidi Askofaré•Nouvelle revue de psychosociologie•2020

  • Violence, Power and Meaning

    Open Access•Nicolas Johnston, Srinjoy Bose•Global Policy•2020

  • How unique are terrorist suspects? Investigating similarities and differences between terrorist suspects, their siblings, and other suspects

    Open Access•Fabienne Thijs, Elanie Rodermond et al.•European Journal of Criminology•2024

  • Speaking of terrorist behaviour

    Open Access•Peter J Phillips, Gabriela Pohl•Crime Law and Social Change•2022

  • Understanding Violent Extremism

    Open Access•Gaby Thijssen, Erik Masthoff et al.•International Journal of Offender…•2023

  • The moral compass and life skills in navigating radicalization processes

    Open Access•Simon Ozer, Preben Bertelsen•Scandinavian Journal of Psychology•2020

  • The Phoenix Model of Disengagement and Deradicalisation from Terrorism and Violent Extremism

    A Silke, John Morrison et al.•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2021

  • Micro and macro-level risk factors for extremism and terrorism

    G Lafree, Anina Schwarzenbach•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2021

  • Basic Psychological Needs Are Associated With Engagement and Hate Term Use in Extremist Chatrooms

    Open Access•Jeremy J J Rappel, David D Vachon et al.•Social Psychological and…•2026

  • Urban environments favorable to radical narratives

    Open Access•Manuel Moyano, Jocelyn J Bélanger et al.•Pragmatics and Society•2022

  • Simply Small Men? Examining Differences Between Females and Males Radicalized in the United States

    Rachel Yon, Daniel Milton et al.•Women & Criminal Justice•2019

  • Gender Differences in Worry About a Terrorist Attack

    Leevia Dillon, Brittany E Hayes et al.•Women & Criminal Justice•2019

  • The Rise of Organised Brutality

    Open Access•Siniša Malešević•Rise of Organised Brutality•2017

  • The Political Economy of Terrorism

    Walter Enders, Tod Sandler et al.•Choice Reviews Online•2006

  • Welcome to World Peace

    Neil A Englehart, N Englehart et al.•Social Forces•2006

  • The secret society and the social dynamics of terrorist behavior

    Open Access•Jürgen Mackert•Revue de Synthèse•2014

  • How to Make an Anarchist-Terrorist

    Gregory Shaya•Journal of Social History•2010

  • The role of sensation seeking in political violence

    Birga M Schumpe, Jocelyn J Bélanger et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2020

  • He never willed to have the will he has

    Michael J Gill, Stephanie C Cerce•Journal of Personality and Social…•2017

  • Clandestine Political Violence

    Open Access•Donatella Della Porta•Clandestine Political Violence•2013

  • The trouble with radicalization

    Open Access•Peter R Neumann•International Affairs•2013

  • A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism

    Open Access•Emily Corner, Paul Gill•Law and Human Behavior•2014

  • Securitization

    Open Access•Gustiana A Kambo, Gustiana Kambo•Masyarakat Kebudayaan dan Politik•2022

  • Uhud, Kairouan and the battle of Ben Gardane

    Open Access•Christopher Ruddy, Shannon Brincat•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2026

  • Resentment as an affective foundation of radicalization

    Open Access•Demmrich, D Pollack et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2026

  • Is there a culture of political violence in the Basque Country

    Open Access•Caroline Guibet Lafaye•Oñati Socio-legal Series•2024

  • Engagement radical, désengagement et déradicalisation. Continuum et lignes de fracture

    Open Access•Isabelle Sommier•Lien social et Politiques•2013

  • How do Iranians and U.S. Citizens Perceive Each Other

    Open Access•Ehsan Shahghasemi, D Ray Heisey et al.•Journal of Intercultural…•2011

  • Recruitment, Affiliation, and Disengagement Among Men in Terrorist Organizations

    Open Access•Licínio Zacarias Zitha, Marina Leonor Pinheiro et al.•Social Sciences•2024

  • Escalation in Irregular War

    M L R Smith•Journal of Strategic Studies•2012

  • Blood and ink! The common-interest-game between terrorists and the media

    Open Access•Dominic Rohner, Bruno S Frey•Public Choice•2007

  • A Clinical and Psychopathological Approach to Radicalization Among Adolescents

    Open Access•Nicolas Campelo, Alice Oppetit et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2022

  • Stability of Groups with Costly Beliefs and Practices

    Open Access•Wesley J Wildman, R Sosis•Journal of Artificial Societies…•2011

  • Dangerous Minds’? Deconstructing Counter‐Terrorism Discourse, Radicalisation and the ‘Psychological Vulnerability’ of Muslim Children and Young People in Britain

    Open Access•Vicki Coppock, Mark Mcgovern•Children & Society•2014

  • What do we know about suicide bombing

    Open Access•Veronica Ward•Politics and the Life Sciences•2018

  • The future of terrorism research

    Joshua D Freilich, Steven M Chermak et al.•International Journal of…•2015

  • Predictors of Political Violence Outcomes among Young People

    Open Access•Sara Jahnke, Katharina Abad Borger et al.•Political Psychology•2022

  • Feelings of anxiety among radical Muslim youths in the Netherlands

    Open Access•Abdelilah Ljamai•Archive for the Psychology of…•2020

  • Understanding the psychological aspects of the radicalisation process

    Open Access•Serge Garcet•Forensic Sciences Research•2021

  • Not in Their Right Mind? Right-Wing Extremism Is Not a Mental Illness, but Still a Challenge for Psychiatry

    Open Access•F O Schumann, Peter Brook et al.•Frontiers in Sociology•2022

  • The Life Cycle of a British Islamist

    Open Access•Lawrence R Alschuler•Journal of Social and Political…•2014

  • Rebuilding Pakistan in the Aftermath of the Floods

    Open Access•Tatsushi Arai•Journal of Peacebuilding &…•2012

  • Between rap and jihad

    Uliano Conti•Contemporary Social Science•2017

  • Engagement radical, extrême ou violent

    Open Access•Caroline Guibet Lafaye•Sens public•2017

  • All Politics Is Local

    Kirssa Cline Ryckman, Mike Ryckman•Journal of Global Security Studies•2016

  • A comparison of Isis foreign fighters and supporters social media posts

    Leevia Dillon, Loo Seng Neo et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2019

  • Risk factors for terrorism

    Saleh Dhumad, Philip J Candilis et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2019

  • An exploratory analysis of leakage warning behavior in lone-actor terrorists

    Open Access•Miss Menna Rose, John Morrison•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2021

  • Walking away

    John Horgan, Mary Beth Altier et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2016

  • Decision-theoretic behavioral analytics

    Terry Grissom, David Mcilhatton et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2019

  • Ideology, personality disorders and the militant extremist mindset

    A Furnham, Charlotte Robinson•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2021

  • Suicide terrorism

    C Dominik Güss•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2010

  • Ostracism promotes a terroristic mindset

    Michaela Pfundmair•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2018

  • Dominant predictors of violent versus non-violent terrorist roles among US Muslim converts

    Daniel W Snook, Ari D Fodeman et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2022

  • Perceived impact of terrorism and the role of the media

    Gilda Sensales, Alessandra Areni et al.•Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism…•2013

  • Are terrorists “insane”? A critical analysis of mental health categories in lone terrorists’ trials

    Stephane J Baele•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2014

  • Preventing radicalisation in Norwegian schools

    Martin M Sjøen, Christer Mattsson•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2019

  • Unravelling emotional dynamics in violent extremism

    Nicolas Amadio, Montassir Sakhi•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2024

  • The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Terrorism

    Open Access•Colin J Beck•Sociology Compass•2008

  • Psychological Factors in Terrorism and Counterterrorism

    Open Access•Arie W Kruglanski, Shira Fishman•Social Issues and Policy Review•2009

  • Delegating repression

    Harrison Akins•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2020

  • Growth opportunities in American and British terrorism research

    Sophia Moskalenko, Joshua D Freilich et al.•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2023

  • Grievance, social dominance orientation, and authoritarianism in the choice and justification of terror versus protest

    A F Lemieux, Victor Asal•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2010

  • Intergroup images mediate the relationships between government abuse, sociopolitical orientations, and political action

    Erin M Kearns, Celso Federico et al.•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2021

  • Fighting together? understanding bilateral cooperation in the realm of counterterrorism

    Arie Perliger, D J Milton•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2018

  • Comparing crime types

    Michael K Logan, Margeret Hall•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2019

  • Support for political mobilization and protest in Egypt and Morocco

    A F Lemieux, Erin M Kearns et al.•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2017

  • Belief systems and action inferences as a source of violence in the name of Islam

    Stephanie Dornschneider-Elkink•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2010

  • Indicators of terrorist intent and capability

    Bart Schuurman, Quirine Eijkman•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2015

  • Humiliation and the Inertia Effect

    Jeremy Ginges, Atran•Journal of Cognition and Culture•2008

  • Toward An Integrated Behavioral Framework for Analyzing Terrorism

    Dipak K Gupta•Democracy and Security•2005

  • Emotionally Based Strategic Communications in the Process of Societal Deradicalization

    Krešimir Ćosić, Armano Srbljinovic et al.•International Journal of…•2018

  • The Empirical Study of Terrorism

    Open Access•G Lafree, Gary Ackerman•Annual Review of Law and Social…•2009

  • Informing Lone‐Offender Investigations

    Open Access•Randy Borum•Criminology & Public Policy•2013

  • Disaggregating Terrorist Offenders

    Open Access•Paul Gill, Emily Corner•Criminology & Public Policy•2013

  • Understanding (non)involvement in terrorist violence

    Open Access•Bart Schuurman, Sarah L Carthy•Criminology & Public Policy•2023

  • Why Resist? The Sources of Violent and Nonviolent Political Action

    Ross James Gildea•International Studies Review•2017

  • Fifty Shades of Deprivation

    Open Access•Steffen Hertog, Adrian Arellano et al.•International Studies Review•2024

  • More Data, New Problems

    Charles W Mahoney•International Studies Review•2017

  • An Understanding of Social Violence

    Sanaullah, Sanaullah Sanaullah•Civil Wars•2020

  • How (not) to study terrorism

    Verena Erlenbusch, Verena Erlenbusch-Anderson•Critical Review of International…•2013

  • A general strain theory of terrorism

    Open Access•Robert Agnew•Theoretical Criminology•2010

  • Travelling concepts and crossing paths

    Liana Giorgi•Innovation The European Journal…•2016

  • Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (60th Anniversary Commemorative Edition)

    Ariel Rubinstein, John Von Neumann et al.•Theory of Games and Economic…•2007

  • Frustration and aggression.

    John Dollard, Neal E Miller et al.•1939

  • Thoughts on Narcissism and Narcissistic Rage

    Heinz Kohut•The Psychoanalytic Study of the…•1972

  • Adolescent Brain Development

    Open Access•Ronald E Dahl•Annals of the New York Academy of…•2004

  • Genesis of Suicide Terrorism

    Open Access•Atran, Scott Atran•Science•2003

  • The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment

    Open Access•Dominique J-F De Quervain, Urs Fischbacher et al.•Science•2004

  • Punishment in animal societies

    Open Access•Tim Clutton‐brock, T H Clutton-Brock et al.•Nature•1995

  • Measuring exposure to racism

    Chalsa M Loo, John A Fairbank et al.•Psychological Assessment•2001

  • Terror in the Name of God

    Jessica Stern•Terror in the Name of God•2004

  • Bloodlines

    Vamik D Volkan•Bloodlines•1997

  • Psycho-Social Impacts of Terrorism and Organized Crime

    Robert J Kelly, Robert W Rieber•Journal of Social Distress and…•1995

  • Palestinian Religious Terrorism

    Yonah Alexander•Palestinian Religious Terrorism•2002

  • Terrorists, Victims and Society

    Andrew Silke•Terrorists, Victims and Society•2003

  • Political Terrorism

    Open Access•Grant Wardlaw•Political Terrorism•1989

  • Understanding Terror Networks

    Marc Sageman•Understanding Terror Networks•2004

  • Social Dominance

    Open Access•Jim Sidanius, Felicia Pratto•Social Dominance•1999

  • The Wretched of the Earth

    Open Access•Frantz Fanon•Posthumanism•2000

  • Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable1

    Open Access•N Y Stanley Budner•Journal of Personality•1962

  • The Effects of Contextual and Psychological Variables on Extreme Right-Wing Sentiments

    Open Access•Daphna Canetti, Ami Pedahzur•Social Behavior and Personality…•2002

  • State, policy, and political violence

    Badi Hasisi, Ami Pedahzur•Civil Wars•2000

  • Torn Between God, Family, and Money

    Ayla Hammond Schbley•Studies in Conflict and Terrorism•2000

  • "Talking to "Terrorists

    David W Brannan, David Brannan et al.•Studies in Conflict and Terrorism•2001

  • Political Violence, Family Relations, and Palestinian Youth Functioning

    Open Access•Brian K Barber•Journal of Adolescent Research•1999

  • Statements about Terrorism

    Open Access•Brian Michael Jenkins•The Annals of the American…•1982

  • Socioeconomic profile of an American terrorist

    Jeffrey S Handler•Terrorism•1990

  • Italian women terrorists

    Leonard Weinberg, William Lee Eubank•Terrorism•1987

  • Patterns in the lives of ETA members

    Robert P Clark•Terrorism•1983

  • Fanaticism, political suicide and terrorism

    Maxwell Taylor, Helen Ryan et al.•Terrorism•1988

  • On learning terrorism

    Bernard Saper•Terrorism•1988

  • Satisfaction with Life Among Adolescents from Immigrant Families in Portugal

    Open Access•Félix Neto•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2001

  • The mad, the bad, and the different

    Open Access•OlgaS Burn•Journal of Criminal Justice•1982

  • The calculus of dissent

    Open Access•Tod Sandler, Todd Sandler et al.•Synthese•1988

  • Aggression

    Albert Bandura•Stanford Law Review•1973

  • The 9/11 Commission Report

    Open Access•James J Wirtz•Political Science Quarterly•2004

  • The Rebels

    C M Woodhouse, Brian Crozier•International Affairs•1960

  • A Sociopsychiatric Interpretation of Terrorism

    Open Access•Franco Ferracuti•The Annals of the American…•1982

  • On Terror

    Open Access•Philip E Devine, Robert J Rafalko•The Annals of the American…•1982

  • Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS)

    Shawn O Utsey, Joseph G Ponterotto•Journal of Counseling Psychology•1996

  • On killing

    Dave Grossman, Lt Grossman•On killing•2009

  • Inside Al Qaeda

    Rohan Gunaratna, Rohan Kumar Gunaratna•Inside Al Qaeda•2002

  • The Psychology of Terrorism

    Open Access•Martha Crenshaw•Political Psychology•2000

  • The Psychological Impact of Terrorism

    Nehemia Friedland, Ariel Merari•Political Psychology•1985

  • Studies of interpersonal bargaining

    Open Access•Morton Deutsch, Robert M Krau et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1962

  • Cognitive-Affective States Predict Military and Political Aggression and Risk Taking

    Open Access•Jason M Satterfield•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1998

  • Toward a Model of Terrorist Behavior in Hostage-Taking Incidents

    Open Access•Margaret Wilson, Margaret A Wilson•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2000

  • Is Transnational Terrorism Becoming More Threatening

    Open Access•Walter Enders, Tod Sandler et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2000

  • The Causes of Terrorism

    Martha Crenshaw•Comparative Politics•1981

  • Retaliating against Terrorism

    Bryan Brophy-Baermann, John A C Conybeare•American Journal of Political…•1994

  • The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice

    John Duckitt, Claire Wagner et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2002

  • Cognitive Functioning and Sociopolitical Ideology Revisited

    James Sidanius•Political Psychology•1985

  • The terrorists in their own words

    Jerrold M Post, Jerrold Post et al.•Terrorism and Political Violence•2003

  • The effects of threat in bargaining

    Lee A Borah•Journal of Abnormal & Social…•1963

  • Cultural differences in the behavior of terrorists

    Leonard Weinberg, William Lee Eubank•Terrorism and Political Violence•1994

  • Defining international terrorism

    Thomas J Badey•Terrorism and Political Violence•1998

  • A Theoretical Analysis of Transnational Terrorism

    Open Access•Tod Sandler, Todd Sandler et al.•American Political Science Review•1983

  • Terrorism, Myth, and the Power of Ethnographic Praxis

    Open Access•Cynthia Keppley Mahmood•Journal of Contemporary Ethnography•2001

  • Racial Discrimination as a Moderator of the Links Among Stress, Maternal Psychological Functioning, and Family Relationships

    Open Access•Velma Mcbride Murry, P Adama Brown et al.•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2001

  • Altruism and Fatalism

    Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger et al.•Deviant Behavior•2003

Unique citing works183
Citations per year8,71
Citation span2005 - 2026 (22)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 180

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae