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Apportionment Matters

Fair Representation in the US House and Electoral College

Bibliographic Data

ID6324919
AuthorsBarry J Gaines (0000-0003-3549-7611, Illinois Department of Public Health), Brian J Gaines, J A Jenkins (0000-0001-7426-3370, University of Virginia)
Year2009
Volume7
Issue4
Pages849-857
Publication date2009-12-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePerspectives on Politics (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1537-5927 • E-ISSN: 1541-0986
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1017/s1537592709991848
OpenAlexW2171085988
LanguageEN
Citations received6
References cited7

The 2000 presidential election made various electoral institutions—from ballot format to voting mechanisms—suddenly prominent in public debate. One institution that garnered little attention, but nonetheless affected the outcome, was apportionment. A few commentators, looking ahead to 2004, noticed that Bush would have won more comfortably had the apportionment based on the 2000 census already been in place for the 2000 election. Little attention, however, was paid to the method by which 1990 census data were used to generate the 1992–2000 apportionment, even though there are many ways to perform that allocation, the United States has used different methods over its history, and the precise algorithm turned out, in this instance, to matter. More generally, previous discussions of apportionment methods have neglected the point that allocation to states of US House seats simultaneously determines Electoral College weights. Since the Electoral College has built-in biases favoring small states, an apportionment method that partially offsets this bias might be justifiable. We revisit some criteria by which one might prefer one apportionment rule to another, in light of this double duty

Apportionment · Ballot · Census · Duty · Electoral college · House of Representatives · Institution · Legislature · Political science · Politics · Proportional representation · Representation (politics · Sociology · Voting · Demography · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Game Theory and Voting Systems · Judicial and Constitutional Studies · Law

  • One Person, How Many Votes? Demographic Distortions in United States Elections

    Open Access•Lee Kennedy-Shaffer•Statistics and Public Policy•2026

  • Introduction and Comments

    Open Access•James Johnson•Perspectives on Politics•2009

  • The Malapportionment of the US House of Representatives

    Open Access•Ruoxi Li•PS Political Science & Politics•2022

  • Conflict over Congressional Reapportionment

    Open Access•Nicholas G Napolio, J A Jenkins•Journal of Policy History•2022

  • Legal, Political Science, and Economics Approaches to Measuring Malapportionment

    Open Access•Jonathan R Cervas, B Grofman•Social Science Quarterly•2020

  • Are Presidential Inversions Inevitable? Comparing Eight Counterfactual Rules for Electing the U.S. President

    Open Access•Jonathan R Cervas, B Grofman•Social Science Quarterly•2019

  • Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America

    Open Access•G Terry Madonna•Presidential Studies Quarterly•2005

  • The Theoretical Limits of Maximum Distortion

    Open Access•John Loosemore, Victor J B Hanby et al.•British Journal of Political…•1971

  • Seat biases of apportionment methods for proportional representation

    Open Access•Karsten Schuster, Friedrich Pukelsheim et al.•Electoral Studies•2003

  • The Papers of Thomas Jefferson

    Merrill D Peterson, Julian P Boyd•The William and Mary Quarterly•1962

  • The Papers of Daniel Webster

    Gerard W Gawalt, Alfred S Konefsky et al.•The William and Mary Quarterly•1984

Unique citing works6
Citations per year0,35
Citation span2009 - 2026 (18)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 6

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