Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Does symbolic representation matter? A meta‐analysis of the passive‐symbolic representation link

Bibliographic Data

ID6446575
AuthorsYao Wang (0000-0002-7024-4233, Laboratory for Public Management and Policy, Department of International and Public Affairs City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China, corresponding author)
Year2024
Volume103
Issue1
Pages3-24
Publication date2024-04-18
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePublic Administration (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0033-3298 • E-ISSN: 1467-9299
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/padm.12999
OpenAlexW4394960890
LanguageEN
Citations received12
References cited62

The theory of symbolic representation expects that passive representativeness of bureaucrats can heighten agencies' perceived legitimacy and enhance citizen outcomes. Empirical evidence on the consequences of symbolic representation, however, is mixed. By performing a meta‐analysis of 286 effect sizes, this study finds a significantly positive, though weak, association between passive representation and its anticipated symbolic outcomes. A meta‐regression analysis further examined how the salience of symbolic representation is moderated by multiple aspects of passive representativeness, symbolic outcomes, policy and geographical contexts, and research design. Results suggest that the symbolic benefits of passive representation are more observed at the frontline than in managerial settings, and the effects are stronger in experimental research designs than observational ones. This research echoes the increasing attention dedicated to the importance of context to representative bureaucracy research and contributes to a more refined theoretical exploration of symbolic representation

Computer network · Link (geometry · Political science · Representation (politics · Symbolic data analysis · The Symbolic · Action Observation and Synchronization · Computer Science · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition · Law · Psychology · Social Representations and Identity · Theoretical Computer Science

  • Representative Bureaucracy and Administrative Burdens

    Open Access•Ryan J Lofaro, Elizabeth Bell et al.•Journal of Public Administration…•2026

  • Symbolic and Substantive Governance in County-Level Digital Governance

    Open Access•Zekun Dai, Ruoyu Luo et al.•Journal of Comparative Policy…•2026

  • Identity and Intersectionality in Public Administration

    Open Access•Danyao Li, Austin Mccrea•Administration & Society•2026

  • Can Female Representation Reduce Corruption? A Meta-Analysis

    Open Access•Juan Du, Xiaojia Zhu et al.•Administration & Society•2026

  • Rethinking Gender Representation in Policing

    Open Access•Sunyoung Pyo•Public Administration and…•2026

  • Beyond Political Control and Bureaucratic Protection

    Open Access•André Vaz Lopes, Míriam Aparecida Mesquita Oliveira•Review of Policy Research•2025

  • Bias perceptions and trust in public service institutions

    Erika J Van Elsas, Erika Van Elsas et al.•Journal of European Public Policy•2026

  • Gendered Perceptions of Public Services

    Open Access•Chiara Cazzuffi, Patricia Retamal•Public Administration•2025

  • Social Equity in Municipally Owned Corporations

    Open Access•Rhys Andrews•Public Administration•2024

  • Social Equity and Representative Bureaucracy

    Open Access•Ene Ikpebe, Bodunrin Akinrinmade et al.•Public Administration•2025

  • Symbolic Bureaucratic Representation and Client Cooperation

    Open Access•Youlang Zhang, Huan Wang•Public Administration•2024

  • Citizen perceptions of ideological bias in public service institutions

    Open Access•Erika Van Elsas, Take Sipma et al.•European Journal of Political…•2025

  • Race and Policing in America

    Open Access•R Weitzer, Steven A Tuch•Race and Policing in America•2006

  • Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis.

    Larry V Hedges, Jack L Vevea•Psychological Methods•1998

  • Representative Bureaucracy and Fire Service Performance

    Rhys Andrews, Rachel Ashworth et al.•International Public Management…•2014

  • Trends and Gaps

    Open Access•Sebawit Bishu, Alexis R Kennedy•Review of Public Personnel…•2020

  • Modeling dependent effect sizes with three-level meta-analyses

    Mike W-L Cheung•Psychological Methods•2014

  • Representative bureaucracy and its symbolic effect on citizens

    Gregg G Van Ryzin, Norma M Riccucci et al.•Public Management Review•2017

  • Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test

    Open Access•Matthias Egger, Gregory D Smith et al.•BMJ•1997

  • Representation, reputation and expectations towards bureaucracy

    André Dantas Cabral, Alketa Peci et al.•Public Management Review•2022

  • Separating symbolic and active representation

    Open Access•Xiaoyang Xu, Kenneth J Meier•Public Management Review•2022

  • Race, representation, and policy attitudes in U.S. public schools

    Open Access•Lael R Keiser, Donald P Haider-Markel et al.•Policy Studies Journal•2022

  • Women in Policing and Legitimacy

    Amie M Schuck, Paola Baldo et al.•Women & Criminal Justice•2021

  • Theoretical Frontiers in Representative Bureaucracy

    Open Access•Kenneth J Meier•Perspectives on Public Management…•2018

  • Race in representative bureaucracy theory

    Open Access•Eiko Strader, Vernicia Griffie et al.•Public Administration Review•2023

  • A matter of life or death

    Eddie Lucero, Jessica Trounstine et al.•Journal of Urban Affairs•2020

  • Symbolic Representation, Cooperation, and Undocumented Immigrants

    Open Access•Daniel P Hawes•The American Review of Public…•2021

  • Fear the Government? A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Government Funding on Nonprofit Advocacy Engagement

    Open Access•Jiahuan Lu•The American Review of Public…•2016

  • The Impact of Representative Bureaucracies

    Open Access•Kenneth J Meier, Joseph Stewart•The American Review of Public…•1992

  • Public Perceptions of Police Agency Fairness and the Willingness to Call Police

    Open Access•Kelly M Socia, Melissa S Morabito et al.•The American Review of Public…•2021

  • Students’ and Parents’ Perceptions of Disciplinary Policy

    Open Access•Christine H Roch, Mahmoud Elsayed et al.•The American Review of Public…•2017

  • Symbolic Representation, Expectancy Disconfirmation, and Citizen Complaints Against Police

    Open Access•Euipyo Lee, Sean Nicholson‐crotty•The American Review of Public…•2021

  • An Application of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy, Gender Concordance, and Symbolic Representation in the Health Care Context

    Open Access•Kenicia Wright•The American Review of Public…•2021

  • Equity in Public Services

    Open Access•Denita Cepiku, Marco Mastrodascio•Public Administration Review•2021

  • Representation Is Not Enough

    Open Access•Mark Benton•Administration & Society•2020

  • Unraveling Representative Bureaucracy

    Open Access•Brandy A Kennedy, Brandy Kennedy•Administration & Society•2014

  • Gender, Representative Bureaucracy, and Law Enforcement

    Open Access•Kenneth J Meier, Jill Nicholson-Crotty et al.•Public Administration Review•2006

  • How Bureaucratic Representation Affects Public Organizational Performance

    Open Access•Fangda Ding, Jiahuan Lu et al.•Public Administration Review•2021

  • How does diversity affect public organizational performance? A meta‐analysis

    Open Access•Fangda Ding, Norma M Riccucci•Public Administration•2022

  • Effects of representative bureaucracy on perceived performance and fairness

    Open Access•Hasan Muhammad Baniamin, Ishtiaq Jamil•Public Administration•2021

  • A replication of “Representative bureaucracy and the willingness to coproduce”

    Open Access•Martin Sievert•Public Administration•2021

  • Does bureaucratic representation enhance overall organizational accountability in policing

    Open Access•Seong C Kang, Ahrum Chang et al.•Public Administration•2021

  • Engaging Citizens

    Miki Caul Kittilson, Leslie Schwindt-Bayer et al.•The Journal of Politics•2010

  • The Individual‐Level Effect of Gender Matching in Representative Bureaucracy

    Open Access•Thorbjørn Sejr Guul•Public Administration Review•2018

  • A Meta‐Analysis of the Government Performance—Trust Link

    Open Access•Jiasheng Zhang, Hui Li et al.•Public Administration Review•2021

  • The Expectancy‐Disconfirmation Model and Citizen Satisfaction with Public Services

    Open Access•Jiasheng Zhang, Wenna Chen et al.•Public Administration Review•2021

  • Representative Bureaucracy

    Open Access•Norma M Riccucci, Gregg G Van Ryzin•Public Administration Review•2016

  • Intergovernmental Representation at Different Levels of Government

    Open Access•Sanghee Park, Yesse Charles Mwihambi•Public Administration Review•2021

  • Representative Bureaucracy and the Willingness to Coproduce

    Open Access•Norma M Riccucci, Gregg G Van Ryzin et al.•Public Administration Review•2015

  • Does Strategic Planning Improve Organizational Performance? A Meta‐Analysis

    Open Access•Bert George, Richard M Walker et al.•Public Administration Review•2019

  • Bureaucracy, Democracy, and Race

    Open Access•Andrea M Headley, James E Wright et al.•Public Administration Review•2021

  • The Impact of Performance Management on Performance in Public Organizations

    Open Access•Ed Gerrish•Public Administration Review•2015

  • Red Tape, Organizational Performance, and Employee Outcomes

    Open Access•Bert George, Sanjay K Pandey et al.•Public Administration Review•2020

  • Putting A Fresh Face Forward

    Open Access•Laura Huber, A Gunderson•Political Research Quarterly•2023

  • From Passive to Active Representation—Experimental Evidence on the Role of Normative Values in Shaping White and Minority Bureaucrats’ Policy Attitudes

    Simon Calmar Andersen•Journal of Public Administration…•2017

  • Where Did You Serve? Veteran Identity, Representative Bureaucracy, and Vocational Rehabilitation

    Daniel M Gade, Vicky M Wilkins et al.•Journal of Public Administration…•2013

  • Representative Bureaucracy and Organizational Justice in Mediation

    Open Access•Patrick F Hibbard, Lisa Blomgren Amsler et al.•Journal of Public Administration…•2022

  • Going Beyond Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic

    Danielle N Atkins, Vicky M Wilkins et al.•Journal of Public Administration…•2013

  • Structure and Discretion

    Kenneth J Meier, John Bohte•Journal of Public Administration…•2001

  • Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation

    Nick A Theobald, Donald P Haider-Markel•Journal of Public Administration…•2008

  • Representative Bureaucracy in Policing

    Norma M Riccucci, Gregg G Van Ryzin et al.•Journal of Public Administration…•2014

  • Representative Bureaucracy, Race, and Policing

    Open Access•Norma M Riccucci, Gregg G Van Ryzin et al.•Journal of Public Administration…•2018

  • Linking Passive and Active Representation by Gender

    Vicky M Wilkins, M Wilkins•Journal of Public Administration…•2004

  • Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research

    Gene V Gla, Gene V Glass•Educational Researcher•1976

  • Race, Ethnicity, and Perceived Minority Police Presence

    Open Access•Xia Wang, Justin Ready et al.•Law & Society Review•2019

  • Representative Bureaucracy

    Open Access•Kenneth J Meier•American Political Science Review•1975

  • Lipstick and Logarithms

    Open Access•Lael R Keiser, Vicky M Wilkins et al.•American Political Science Review•2002

Unique citing works12
Citations per year6
Citation span2024 - 2026 (3)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 11

Tools

Open DOIOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae