Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Plumbing Poverty

Mapping Hot Spots of Racial and Geographic Inequality in U.S. Household Water Insecurity

Bibliographic Data

ID7258732
AuthorsShiloh Deitz (0000-0002-8727-4973, University of Oregon), Katie Meehan (0000-0001-8330-4736, King's College London)
Year2019
Volume109
Issue4
Pages1092-1109
Publication date2019-03-08
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueAnnals of the American Association of Geographers (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2469-4452 • E-ISSN: 2469-4460
PublisherTaylor & Francis (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/24694452.2018.1530587
OpenAlexW2921903484
LanguageEN
Citations received68
References cited46

Household water insecurity is a global threat to human health and development, yet existing metrics lack a systematic consideration of geographic inequality and spatial variation. In this article, we introduce the notion of plumbing poverty as a conceptual and methodological heuristic to examine the intersectional nature of infrastructure, space, and social inequality. Plumbing poverty is understood in a dual sense: first, as a material and infrastructural condition produced by social relations that fundamentally vary through space and, second, as a methodology that operationalizes the spatial exploration of social inequality. Drawing on millions of census records, we strip household water security down to a single vital measure—the presence of complete household plumbing—to assess its spatial and sociodemographic trends. We identify distinct hot spots (geographic clusters of higher than average values) of plumbing poverty, track its social and spatial variance, and expose its fundamentally racialized nature. Our study finds that plumbing poverty is neither spatially nor socially random in the United States. Rather, plumbing incompleteness is spatially clustered in certain regions of the country and is clearly racialized: Living in an American Indian or Alaskan Native, black, or Hispanic household increases the odds of being plumbing poor, and these predictors warp and woof through space. In considering who experiences the slow violence of infrastructural dysfunction, a geography that is simultaneously ignored and unevenly expressed in the United States, we argue that analyses of space and social difference are central to understanding household water insecurity and must be prioritized in the development of cross-comparable metrics and global measurement tools. Key Words: census microdata, hot spot analysis, household water insecurity, infrastructural geographies, IPUMS.家户水资源不安全,是对人类健康与发展的全球危害,但既有的度量,却缺乏对地理不均和空间变异的系统性考量。我们于本文中引入“配管贫穷”一词,作为概念与方法论上的启发,以检视基础建设、空间与社会不均之间的相互交织本质。配管贫穷以双重观念进行理解:首先作为由根本上具有空间变异的社会关系所生产的物质与基础建设条件,再者,作为操作社会不均的空间探索之方法。运用数以百万计的人口普查纪录,我们将家户水资源安全拆解成单一的重要测量——完整家户配管的存在——以评估其空间和社会人口趋势。我们指认配管贫穷的显着热点(较平均值为高的地理群聚), 追溯其社会和空间变异,并揭露其根本上的种族化本质。我们的研究发现,在美国,配管贫穷在空间或社会上并非具任意性。反之,配管不全在空间上集中于美国的若干区域,并明显是种族化的:居住于美国印地安人或阿拉斯加原住民族、黑人或西裔的家户中,增加了配管不足的机会,且这些预测指标随着空间经纬而异。在考量什麽人经历基础建设功能障碍的慢性暴力中——一种在美国同时受到忽略并不均展现的地理——我们主张,空间与社会差异的分析,是理解家户水资源不安全的核心,并且必需在建立横跨可比较的度量和全球测量工具时给予优先顺序。关键词:人口普查微观数据,热点分析,家户水资源不安全,基础建设地理学,微观共享整合数据库(IPUMS)。La inseguridad en la disponibilidad de agua potable para uso doméstico es una amenaza global para la salud y el desarrollo humano, aunque las métricas existentes adolecen de la falta de consideración sistemática de la desigualdad geográfica y la variación espacial. En este artículo presentamos la noción de pobreza de plomería como heurística conceptual y metodológica para examinar la naturaleza interseccional de la infraestructura, el espacio y la desigualdad social. La pobreza de plomería se entiende en un sentido dual: primero, como una condición material e infraestructural producida por las relaciones sociales que fundamentalmente varían a través del espacio, y, segundo, como una metodología que operacionaliza la exploración espacial de la desigualdad social. Basándonos en millones de registros censales, desnudamos la seguridad del agua para uso doméstico, hasta convertirla en una sencilla medida vital—la presencia de una cabal plomería en el hoga—para evaluar sus tendencias espaciales y sociodemográficas. Identificamos puntos calientes perceptibles (agrupamientos geográficos con valores más altos que el promedio) de pobreza de plomería, rastreamos su varianza social y espacial, y exponemos su naturaleza fundamentalmente racializada. Nuestro estudio establece que la pobreza de plomería en los Estados Unidos no es ni espacial ni socialmente aleatoria. En vez de eso, la plomería deficiente se presenta agrupada espacialmente en ciertas regiones del país y es claramente racializada: Vivir en un hogar de indígenas americanos o nativos de Alaska, negro o hispánico, incrementa las posibilidades de ser pobre en plomería, y tales predictores campean a través del espacio. Al considerar quién experimenta la lenta violencia de la disfunción estructural, una geografía que es simultáneamente ignorada y expresada de manera desigual en los Estados Unidos, consideramos que los análisis de espacio y de diferencia social son centrales para entender la inseguridad del agua para uso doméstico y debe tener prioridad en el desarrollo de métricas comparables y herramientas de medición de uso global. Palabras clave: análisis de puntos calientes, geografías infraestructurales, inseguridad de agua potable, microdatos censales, IPUMS

Census · Demographic economics · Development economics · Economic geography · Economic growth · Economics · Geography · Inequality · Logistic regression · Odds · Population · Poverty · Sociology · Spatial inequality · Child Nutrition and Water Access · Demography · Water Governance and Infrastructure · Water Systems and Optimization

  • Questionable Quality

    Lucero Radonic, Cara Jacob et al.•Case Studies in the Environment•2022

  • Using social and behavioural science to support Covid-19 pandemic response

    Open Access•Jay Joseph Van Bavel, Katherine Baicker et al.•Nature Human Behaviour•2020

  • Towards an integrated theoretical framework for understanding water insecurity and gender-based violence in Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs)

    Open Access•Abraham Marshall Nunbogu, Susan J Elliott•Health & Place•2021

  • Water shutoffs, social reproduction, and the carceral state

    Open Access•Katie Meehan•Political Geography•2025

  • Monitoring the human right to water in California

    Open Access•Carolina Balazs, Jessica J Goddard et al.•Water Policy•2021

  • Assessing water security across scales

    Open Access•Tess Doeffinger, John W Hall et al.•Applied Geography•2021

  • Variations in household water affordability and water insecurity

    Open Access•Sameer H Shah, L Harris et al.•Environment and Planning F•2023

  • Infrastructure That Connects/Infrastructure That Divides

    Lisa K Bates, Matti Siemiatycki et al.•Planning Theory & Practice•2023

  • The colour of unaffordable household water

    Open Access•Mariana Sarango, Daniel Kim et al.•Local Environment•2026

  • Effect of Racial Discrimination Activated at Teacher–Student Interaction Context on Academic Self-Efficacy

    Open Access•Eric Kyere, Saahoon Hong et al.•Families in Society The Journal…•2024

  • Applying machine learning to understand water security and water access inequality in underserved colonia communities

    Open Access•Zhining Gu, Wenwen Li et al.•Computers Environment and Urban…•2023

  • Romanians’ willingness to comply with restrictive measures during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Nicoleta Corbu, Elena Negrea-Busuioc et al.•Journal of Applied Communication…•2021

  • Inequality Among Social Groups in Accessing Improved Drinking Water and Sanitation in India

    P Ghosh, Moslem Hossain et al.•The Professional Geographer•2023

  • Regional Drinking Water Supply in Pakistan

    Yangyi Wu, Y D Wei•The Professional Geographer•2023

  • Biocultural and social determinants of ill health and early mortality in a New Mexican paediatric autopsy sample

    Open Access•L O''Donnell, John J Green et al.•Journal of Biosocial Science•2024

  • Reconceptualizing urban flood modeling

    Open Access•Madeline Scolio, Achira Amur et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2025

  • Addressing Failing Water Systems

    Open Access•Peter Thomson, Melissa Beresford et al.•International Journal of…•2026

  • Social inequities and water access

    NAVEEN SIRIMAN, Dinesh Chand•Development in Practice•2026

  • La souveraineté alimentaire au cœur des mobilisations décoloniales et anti-capitalistes

    Eugénie Clément-Picos•Politique américaine•2022

  • Structural Inequalities Established the Architecture for Covid-19 Pandemic Among Native Americans in Arizona

    Open Access•A J Yellow Horse, Tse-Chuan Yang et al.•Journal of Racial and Ethnic…•2021

  • The Role of Community-Level Factors on Disparities in Covid-19 Infection Among American Indian/Alaska Native Veterans

    Open Access•M S Wong, Dawn M Upchurch et al.•Journal of Racial and Ethnic…•2022

  • Ethnicity, Poverty, Race, and the Unequal Distribution of US Safe Drinking Water Act Violations, 2016-2018

    Junghwan Bae, M Lynch•Sociological Quarterly•2023

  • Characterizing Water Insecurity Among US College Students

    Open Access•Cassandra L Workman, Alexandra Brewis et al.•American Journal of Human Biology•2025

  • Advancing Water Equity Demands New Approaches to Sustainability Science

    Open Access•Bonnie Keeler, Kate D Derickson et al.•One Earth•2020

  • The Right to Sanitation in the Historic Alabama Black Belt

    Open Access•Mark O Barnett, Jillian Maxcy‐Brown et al.•Environmental Justice•2025

  • The inequitable exposure of socially vulnerable groups to water shortages across the United States

    Open Access•Leslie Sanchez, Travis Warziniack et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2023

  • Water security in North Carolina’s most economically insecure county

    Open Access•Hana Chmielewski, Beverly Collins-Hall et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2025

  • Approximating Community Water System Service Areas to Explore the Demographics of SDWA Compliance in Virginia

    Open Access•Cristina E Marcillo, Cristina Marcillo et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Diné (Navajo) Traditional Knowledge Holders’ Perspective of Covid-19

    Open Access•Carmella B Kahn, DeeDee James et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Implementing a Community-Led Arsenic Mitigation Intervention for Private Well Users in American Indian Communities

    Open Access•Darcy M Anderson, Annabelle Black Bear et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) insecurity in unhoused communities of Los Angeles, California

    Open Access•Lourdes Johanna Avelar Portillo, Georgia Kayser et al.•International Journal for Equity…•2023

  • Locking-in white-nose syndrome? The limits of the endangered species act & non-charismatic megafauna

    Jordan Hadlock, Brent Z Kaup•Environmental Sociology•2023

  • Governing infrastructure, development and inequality around deindustrialized US cities

    Dayne Walling•Territory Politics Governance•2022

  • The hydro-racial fix in infrastructural regions

    Richard Milligan, Ellis A Adams et al.•Territory Politics Governance•2022

  • Bottled Water and the Social Sciences

    Open Access•L Chelcea•Sociology Compass•2026

  • Hotbeds of climate vulnerability

    Filip Alexandrescu, Lucrina Ștefănescu et al.•Eurasian Geography and Economics•2024

  • Visualizing structural competency

    Eric Kyere, C Boddie et al.•Journal of Ethnic & Cultural…•2022

  • Race, Ethnicity, and the Case for Intersectional Water Security

    Open Access•Cameron Harrington, Phellecitus Montana et al.•Global Environmental Politics•2023

  • Cross-country differences in anxiety and behavioral response to the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Z Buyukkececi•European Societies•2020

  • Valuing water service reliability and in-home water storage

    Open Access•Benjamín Leiva, George Van Houtven et al.•Utilities Policy•2023

  • Different methods, different values

    Open Access•Bonnie Keeler, Jan P Clement et al.•Ecological Economics•2025

  • Infrastructure as Territorial Stigma

    Open Access•Nabeela Ahmed•International Journal of Urban…•2025

  • Resilience counter-currents

    Open Access•Lucy Rodina, L Harris et al.•World Development•2024

  • Water insecurity, housing tenure, and the role of informal water services in Nairobi’s slum settlements

    Open Access•Nachiket Joshi, Andrea K Gerlak et al.•World Development•2023

  • Intersectionality of water insecurity on the US-Mexico border

    Open Access•Ricardo Rubio, Grineski et al.•Population and Environment•2025

  • An experiment with the minor geographies of major cities

    Open Access•R Niranjana, Niranjana R•Urban Studies•2022

  • Urban political ecologies of sewage surveillance

    Open Access•Mohammed Rafi Arefin, Carolyn Prouse•Transactions of the Institute of…•2024

  • Navigating heterogeneous sanitation configurations

    Open Access•Gloria Nsangi Nakyagaba, Mary Lawhon et al.•Area•2023

  • From Cape Coast to Covid-19

    Open Access•Eric Kyere, Grace Karikari et al.•Journal of Racial and Ethnic…•2026

  • Geographies of big water infrastructure

    Open Access•Trevor Birkenholtz•Geography Compass•2023

  • Emerging Currents in the Political Ecology of Water

    Open Access•Samuel B Feldblum•Geography Compass•2025

  • Race, citizenship, and belonging in the pursuit of water and climate justice in California

    Open Access•Linda Estelí Méndez-Barrientos, Amanda L Fencl et al.•Environment and Planning E Nature…•2023

  • Just water transitions at the end of sugar in Maui, Hawai'i

    Open Access•Chris Knudson, Alida Cantor et al.•Environment and Planning E Nature…•2022

  • Covid-19 risk factors and mortality among Native Americans

    Open Access•Katherine Leggat-Barr, Fumiya Uchikoshi et al.•Demographic Research•2021

  • Real Property Supremacy

    Mark Kear, Dugan Meyer et al.•Annals of the American…•2023

  • Uneven Geographies of the Embodied Effects of Water Insecurity Among Women Irrigators in Northern Ghana

    Dinko Hanaan Dinko, Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong•Annals of the American…•2023

  • We Women Are Suffering

    Marlotte De Jong, Bilal Butt•Annals of the American…•2025

  • Beyond Local Case Studies in Political Ecology

    Sameer H Shah, L Harris•Annals of the American…•2022

  • Catch-all technopolitics

    Open Access•L Chelcea•American Ethnologist•2023

  • Be like the running water

    Open Access•Sarah Duignan, T Moffat et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2022

  • The policy failures of rental housing

    Heather Newberry, Sara Hughes•Journal of Urban Affairs•2024

  • From "trust" to "trustworthiness

    Open Access•Nicole J Wilson, Teresa Montoya et al.•Environment and Planning E Nature…•2023

  • From degradation to reproduction

    Open Access•Nicole Van Lier•Environment and Planning E Nature…•2025

  • Scalar politics of Indigenous waterscapes in Navajo Nation and Nepal

    Open Access•Daanish Mustafa, Gyan Nyaupane et al.•Environment and Planning E Nature…•2025

  • Worlding austerity

    Open Access•Isabel Shaw, Ian Gr Shaw•Environment and Planning D…•2019

  • Between Flood and Drought

    Open Access•Joel E Correia•Annals of the American…•2022

  • As Long As We Have the Mine, We'll Have Water

    Open Access•Jennifer R Wies, Alisha Mays et al.•Annals of Anthropological Practice•2020

  • That'S What We Call 'Aesthetics,' Not A Public Health Issue

    Abby M Vidmar, E Christian Wells et al.•Human Organization•2023

  • Progress in household water insecurity metrics

    Open Access•Wendy Jepson, A Wutich et al.•WIREs Water•2017

  • Water Security

    Open Access•Karen Bakker•Science•2012

  • Advancing human capabilities for water security

    Open Access•Wendy Jepson, J Budds et al.•Water Security•2017

  • Defining, researching and struggling for water justice

    Margreet Zwarteveen, Margreet Z Zwarteveen et al.•Water International•2014

  • Water Security

    Bruce Lankford, Karen Bakker et al.•Water Security•2013

  • Experience-based Measures of Food and Water Security

    Craig Hadley, A Wutich•Human Organization•2009

  • The Right to Water

    Kate A Berry, Kate Berry•The AAG Review of Books•2013

  • Mediating water governance

    Open Access•Emily Vandewalle, Wendy Jepson•Geo Geography and Environment•2015

  • Metrics for assessing adaptive capacity and water security

    Open Access•Gregg M Garfin, Christopher A Scott et al.•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2016

  • Advancing metrics

    Open Access•Maria Carmen Lemos, David Manuel-Navarrete et al.•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2016

  • Conceptualizing urban water security in an urbanizing world

    Open Access•P Romero-Lankao, Daniel Gnatz•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2016

  • Understanding the Nexus between Poverty and Homelessness

    Andrea Sharam, Kath Hulse•Housing Theory and Society•2014

  • Uneven access to safe drinking water for First Nations in Canada

    Open Access•Robert J Patrick, Robert Patrick•Health & Place•2010

  • Water security

    Open Access•Christina Cook, Karen Bakker•Global Environmental Change•2011

  • Geographical relational poverty studies

    Open Access•Sarah Elwood, Violet Lawson et al.•Progress in Human Geography•2016

  • Geographies of race and ethnicity III

    Open Access•Lucila Pulido, Laura Pulido•Progress in Human Geography•2017

  • Water marginalization at the urban fringe

    M Ranganathan, Carolina Balazs•Urban Geography•2015

  • Disparities in access to residential plumbing

    Open Access•Yolanda J Mcdonald, Grineski et al.•Population and Environment•2012

  • STS beyond the “modern infrastructure ideal”

    Open Access•Kathryn Furlong•Technology in Society•2014

  • The Drinking Water Disparities Framework

    Carolina Balazs, Carolina L Balazs et al.•American Journal of Public Health•2014

  • Measuring ‘no-win’ waterscapes

    Open Access•Wendy Jepson•Geoforum•2013

  • Tool-power

    Open Access•Katie Meehan, Katie M Meehan•Geoforum•2013

  • Water and poverty in the United States

    Open Access•James L Wescoat, Lisa Headington et al.•Geoforum•2007

  • Researching Volunteered Geographic Information

    Sarah Elwood, Michael F Goodchild et al.•Annals of the Association of…•2012

  • Water insecurity and emotional distress

    Open Access•A Wutich, Kathryn Ragsdale et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2008

  • Geographies of race and ethnicity II

    Open Access•Lucila Pulido, Laura Pulido•Progress in Human Geography•2016

  • Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places

    Susan L Cutter, John T Mitchell et al.•Annals of the Association of…•2000

  • Violent conditions

    Open Access•Elena Laurie, Emma W Laurie et al.•Political Geography•2018

  • Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals

    W Stitt Robinson•American Sociological Review•1950

  • Thinking with Flint

    M Ranganathan•Capitalism Nature Socialism•2016

  • A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region

    W R Tobler, Waldo Tobler•Economic Geography•1970

  • State Regulation and Environmental Justice

    Lucila Pulido, Laura Pulido et al.•Capitalism Nature Socialism•2016

  • Worlding Water Supply

    Open Access•Kathryn Furlong, Marcelle Kooy et al.•International Journal of Urban…•2017

  • Water (in)security

    Open Access•Alex Loftus•Geographical Journal•2015

  • The Comparative City

    Open Access•Colin Mcfarlane•International Journal of Urban…•2010

  • Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism

    Lucila Pulido, Laura Pulido•Capitalism Nature Socialism•2016

  • Intrahousehold Disparities in Women and Men's Experiences of Water Insecurity and Emotional Distress in Urban Bolivia

    Open Access•A Wutich•Medical Anthropology Quarterly•2009

  • Using geographically weighted regression for environmental justice analysis

    Open Access•A J Gilbert, Angela Gilbert et al.•Social Science Research•2011

Unique citing works68
Citations per year9,71
Citation span2019 - 2026 (8)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 64

Tools

Open DOISci-HubOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae