In Search of the Glass Ceiling
Gender and Earnings Growth among U.S. College Graduates in the 1990S
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7801680 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Catherine J Weinberger (0000-0001-8818-8455, University of California, Santa Barbara, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2011 |
| Volume | 64 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 949-980 |
| Publication date | 2011-10-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Industrial and Labor Relations Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0019-7939 • E-ISSN: 2162-271X |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1177/001979391106400506 |
| OpenAlex | W1883668432 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 8 |
| References cited | 33 |
Gender-typical educational choices and the “glass ceiling” are widely believed to explain why older women earn far less than observably similar men. Using large panels drawn from the National Science Foundation's (NSF) National Survey of College Graduates and other data representative of U.S. college graduates from the 1990s, the author documents the small role of personal choices and finds evidence contrary to the predictions of both human capital and discrimination models. Rather than the differential wage growth rates predicted by these models, she finds similar average rates of earnings growth for women and men across numerous specifications, which suggests that the gender gap in earnings is determined by factors already present early in the career. Her findings reveal slower earnings growth in only two subsets of women: young mothers, who experience slower earnings growth during the early career relative to men the same age, but then compensate with faster growth later in their careers; and women with exceptionally high earnings levels. The latter are underrepresented among workers winning the largest promotions, when compared to similarly successful men the same age, and face a glass ceiling at the very top of the career ladder
Demographic economics · Differential (mechanical device) · Earnings · Earnings growth · Economic growth · Economics · Gender gap · Glass ceiling · Human capital · Human capital theory · Labour economics · Wage · Wage growth · Accounting · Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality · Psychology · Retirement, Disability, and Employment
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Sex and Science
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Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Financial and Corporate Sectors
Family Investments in Human Capital
The U.S. Gender Pay Gap in the 1990S
Sex Differentials in the Earnings of Ph.D.s
Glass-Ceiling Effect or Cohort Effect? A Longitudinal Study of the Gender Earnings Gap for Engineers, 1982 to 1989
Changing Levels or Changing Slopes? The Narrowing of the Gender Earnings Gap 1959 - 1999
Computer Use and the Demand for Female Workers
Unveiling the Hidden Glass Ceiling
Is Engineering Hostile to Women? An Analysis of Data from the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates
Gender Differences in Pay
Intrafirm Mobility and Sex Differences in Pay
Sex Differences in College Major
The Gender Earnings Gap among College-Educated Workers
The Glass Ceiling Effect
| Unique citing works | 8 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,67 |
| Citation span | 2014 - 2021 (8) |
| Citation velocity | historical |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 6 |