A western Eurasian male is found in 2000‐year‐old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia
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We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y‐chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y‐SNP), and autosomal short tandem repeats (STR) of three skeletons found in a 2,000‐year‐old Xiongnu elite cemetery in Duurlig Nars of Northeast Mongolia. This study is one of the first reports of the detailed genetic analysis of ancient human remains using the three types of genetic markers. The DNA analyses revealed that one subject was an ancient male skeleton with maternal U2e1 and paternal R1a1 haplogroups. This is the first genetic evidence that a male of distinctive Indo‐European lineages (R1a1) was present in the Xiongnu of Mongolia. This might indicate an Indo‐European migration into Northeast Asia 2,000 years ago. Other specimens are a female with mtDNA haplogroup D4 and a male with Y‐SNP haplogroup C3 and mtDNA haplogroup D4. Those haplogroups are common in Northeast Asia. There was no close kinship among them. The genetic evidence of U2e1 and R1a1 may help to clarify the migration patterns of Indo‐Europeans and ancient East‐West contacts of the Xiongnu Empire. Artifacts in the tombs suggested that the Xiongnu had a system of the social stratification. The West Eurasian male might show the racial tolerance of the Xiongnu Empire and some insight into the Xiongnu society. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Ancient DNA · Ancient history · Biology · Elite · Evolutionary biology · Gene · Genotype · Geography · Haplogroup · Haplotype · Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup · Kinship · Population · Anthropology · Demography · Forensic and Genetic Research · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies · Genetics · History · Race, Genetics, and Society
The Beginning and the Maturity of Nomadic Powers in the Eurasian Steppes
Globalization
Collapse of a Eurasian Hybrid
The Stateless Nomads of Central Eurasia
The Languages of Christianity on the Silk Roads and the Transmission of Mediterranean Culture into Central Asia
Sasanian Iran and Its Northeastern Frontier
Sasanian Iran and the Projection of Power in Late Antique Eurasia
Central Asia in the Late Roman Mental Map, Second to Sixth Centuries
Trade and Exchanges along the Silk and Steppe Routes in Late Antique Eurasia
Followers and Leaders in Northeastern Eurasia, ca. Seventh to Tenth Centuries
Patterns of Roman Diplomacy with Iran and the Steppe Peoples
The Relations between China and the Steppe
“Charismatic” Goods
Ethnicity and Empire in the Western Eurasian Steppes
Aspects of Elite Representation among the Sixth- and Seventh-Century Türks
The Circulation of Astrological Lore and Its Political Use Between the Roman East, Sasanian Iran, Central Asia, India, and the Türks
Byzantium’s Eurasian Policy in the Age of the Türk Empire
Sogdian Merchants and Sogdian Culture on the Silk Road
How the Steppes Became Byzantine
Infrastructures of Legitimacy in Inner Asia
Epilogue
Ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes
Bioarchaeological contributions to the reconstruction of past societies on the Mongolian Steppe
Prehistoric Mongolian Archaeology in the Early 21st Century
Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity
Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West
Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of ancient human remains found in a 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in northeast Mongolia
Evaluating the biological discontinuity hypothesis of Cis-Baikal Early versus Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age populations using dental non-metric traits
Craniofacial variation of the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia reveals their possible origins and population history
Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar‐slavic population from the eigth–ninth century AD
Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in a Transbaikalian Xiongnu population
Heterarchy and the Creation of Nomadic States in Mongolia
A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples
The human Y chromosome
Ancient DNA extraction from bones and teeth
Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age
Genetic Analyses from Ancient DNA
Where West Meets East
The Eurasian Heartland
Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists
New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree
Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA
Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese
Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of a 2,000-Year-Old Necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia
Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation
Ancient China and its Enemies
An mtDNA perspective of French genetic variation
In Search of the Indo-Europeans; Language, Archaeology and Myth
Ancient DNA in anthropology
Horse‐mounted invaders from the Russo‐Kazakh steppe or agricultural colonists from western Central Asia? A craniometric investigation of the Bronze Age settlement of Xinjiang
Population origins in Mongolia
Technical note
Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India
Boundaries and clines in the West Eurasian Y‐chromosome landscape
Genetic variation in the enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South‐Central Russia
Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations
Mitochondrial Haplogroup U2d Phylogeny and Distribution
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