The causes of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia

A reappraisal of the iron‐deficiency‐anemia hypothesis

Bibliographic Data

ID8314565
AuthorsPhillip L Walker (University of California, Santa Barbara), Rhonda R Bathurst (University of Toronto, corresponding author), Rebecca Richman (0000-0003-4286-9700, University of California, Santa Barbara), Thor Gjerdrum (University of California, Santa Barbara), Valerie A Andrushko (0000-0002-7557-1735, Southern Connecticut State University)
Year2009
Volume139
Issue2
Pages109-125
Publication date2009-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0002-9483 • E-ISSN: 1096-8644
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/ajpa.21031
PMID19280675
OpenAlexW2044935753
LanguageEN
Citations received421
References cited192

Porosities in the outer table of the cranial vault (porotic hyperostosis) and orbital roof (cribra orbitalia) are among the most frequent pathological lesions seen in ancient human skeletal collections. Since the 1950s, chronic iron‐deficiency anemia has been widely accepted as the probable cause of both conditions. Based on this proposed etiology, bioarchaeologists use the prevalence of these conditions to infer living conditions conducive to dietary iron deficiency, iron malabsorption, and iron loss from both diarrheal disease and intestinal parasites in earlier human populations. This iron‐deficiency‐anemia hypothesis is inconsistent with recent hematological research that shows iron deficiency per se cannot sustain the massive red blood cell production that causes the marrow expansion responsible for these lesions. Several lines of evidence suggest that the accelerated loss and compensatory over‐production of red blood cells seen in hemolytic and megaloblastic anemias is the most likely proximate cause of porotic hyperostosis. Although cranial vault and orbital roof porosities are sometimes conflated under the term porotic hyperostosis, paleopathological and clinical evidence suggests they often have different etiologies. Reconsidering the etiology of these skeletal conditions has important implications for current interpretations of malnutrition and infectious disease in earlier human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc

Anemia · Atrophy · Disease · Etiology · Iron deficiency · Iron-deficiency anemia · Malabsorption · Malnutrition · Megaloblastic anemia · Pathology · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies · Internal Medicine · Medicine · Paleopathology and ancient diseases · Physiology · Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research

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