Consequences of Incarceration for Gang Membership
A Longitudinal Study of Serious Offenders in Philadelphia and Phoenix
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9680169 |
|---|---|
| Authors | David C Pyrooz (0000-0001-6915-3812, Department of Sociology University of Colorado Boulder, corresponding author), NANCY GARTNER (Department of Criminal Justice University of Wisconsin—Platteville), Nancy R Gartner (University of Wisconsin–Platteville), Molly Smith (0000-0001-9697-0797, Department of Criminal Justice University of Arkansas at Little Rock) |
| Year | 2017 |
| Volume | 55 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 273-306 |
| Publication date | 2017-05-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Criminology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0011-1384 • E-ISSN: 1745-9125 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/1745-9125.12135 |
| OpenAlex | W2595606930 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 26 |
| References cited | 90 |
Gang members are overrepresented among incarcerated populations in the United States. The link between incarceration and gang membership is beyond dispute, but serious questions remain about the causal mechanisms underlying this relationship. In this study, we develop and test theoretical models—origination, manifestation, and intensification—that focus on whether gang membership is exogenous or endogenous to incarceration. We used 7 years of monthly life calendar data nested within an 11‐wave longitudinal study of 1,336 serious offenders in Philadelphia and Phoenix to examine the effects of incarceration on gang membership. Multilevel models indicated that offenders were more likely to be in gangs while incarcerated in jail and prison settings than when not, although longer spells of incarceration corresponded with prolonged gang membership only in Phoenix. Incarceration in juvenile facilities maintained adverse between‐ and within‐individual effects on gang membership only in Phoenix. Additional descriptive findings revealed that gang status was durable to transitions into and out of incarcerated settings, and that more offenders exited than entered gangs while incarcerated. We situate these findings within our theoretical models and the body of knowledge on incarceration, concluding with a call for future research that is focused on the symbiosis between gangs in street and incarcerated settings
Criminology · Juvenile delinquency · Longitudinal study · Phoenix · Prison · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis · Homelessness and Social Issues · Medicine · Psychology
Comparative Approaches to the Study of Prison Gangs and Prison Order
Examining the “Gang Penalty” in the Juvenile Justice System
Longitudinal Propensity Score Matching
Gang Membership and Mental Health During the Transition to Adulthood
The Residue of Imprisonment
Counselling approaches to support former gang members in constructing new careers
Victims of Circumstance
Examining the Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Arrest Using a Differential Offenses Hypothesis
The Impact of Pretrial Juvenile Detention on 12-Month Recidivism
The School-to-Gang Pipeline
Competing for Control
State-Level Variation in Juvenile Decarceration
A mixed methods comparison of gang and race motivated violent incident involvement in a youth correctional setting
Predicting parole for emerging adult lifers
Youth gang-joining during incarceration
Female Gang Members Negotiating Privilege, Power, and Oppression within Family and Gang Life
The Prison and the Gang
Mara forever? Factors associated with gang disengagement in El Salvador
Understanding juvenile pre-adjudicatory detention and front-end juvenile case processing
A longitudinal examination of the association between intelligence and rearrest using a latent trait–state–occasion modeling approach in a sample of previously adjudicated youth
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Leaving the gang is good for your health
Does gang membership pay? Illegal and legal earnings through emerging adulthood
Testing a rational choice model of “desistance
Rio's New Social Order
Does the Truth Set You Free? Lying and Incarceration Among Emerging Adults
Governing prisons
Making good
Imprisoning CommunitiesHow Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse
Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
A Rainbow of Gangs
Taking Stock of the Relationship Between Gang Membership and Offending
Continuity and Change in Gang Membership and Gang Embeddedness
Inside the Prison Black Box
Understanding the Black Box of Gang Organization
“From Your First Cigarette to Your Last Dyin’ Day”
An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang's Finances
The Effect of Gang Affiliation on Violent Misconduct Among Inmates During the Early Years of Confinement
What Do We Know About Gangs and Gang Members and Where Do We Go From Here?
Hierarchical linear models
Pre-Institutional vs. Situational Influence in a Correctional Community
The Oxford Handbook of Prisons and Imprisonment
Enforcing the Convict Code
Prisoner Reentry in the Era of Mass Incarceration
When prisoners come home
Theory and Research on Desistance from Antisocial Activity among Serious Adolescent Offenders
The Social Order of the Underworld
The Role of Juvenile Gangs in Facilitating Delinquent Behavior
Street Gang Patterns and Policies
Operational Lessons from the Pathways to Desistance Project
Youth Gangs and Definitional Issues
Life in the Gang
From the street to the prison, from the prison to the street
Prison Gang Policy and Recidivism
Imperative for Inclusion of Long Termers and Lifers in Research and Policy
Attitude is everything
Disengagement From Gangs as Role Transitions
Interpersonal Violence and Social Order in Prisons
Gang involvement moderates the effectiveness of evidence-based intervention for justice-involved youth
Correlates and consequences of pre-incarceration gang involvement among incarcerated youthful felons
Managing prison gangs
Prison gang integration and inmate violence
Administrative determinants of inmate violence
Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency
Collective Action in Prisons
Self‐reported Gang Involvement and Officially Recorded Delinquency
Relationship Between the Offending Frequency (Λ) of Imprisoned and Free Offenders
The Code of the Street and Inmate Violence
Structural and Social Psychological Correlates of Prlsonlzatlon
Beyond Adolescence‐limited Criminology
Andean Indian Village 1
The Path and Promise of Fatherhood for Gang Members
Internet Adoption and Online Behaviour Among American Street Gangs
Gang organization and violence in youth correctional facilities
Defensive localism in white and black
Delinquency and Opportunity
It's Just Black, White, or Hispanic
Changes in Prison Culture
Street Gangs behind Bars
Thieves, Convicts and the Inmate Culture
It's a sucker's outfit
Comparing Logit and Probit Coefficients Across Groups
Using Heterogeneous Choice Models to Compare Logit and Probit Coefficients Across Groups
Incarceration and Stratification
I Would Be a Bulldog
Logistic Regression
Gender, Crime, and Desistance
Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models
Are we a family or a business?' History and disjuncture in the urban American street gang
| Unique citing works | 26 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,25 |
| Citation span | 2018 - 2026 (9) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 26 |