Does gang membership pay? Illegal and legal earnings through emerging adulthood
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9680841 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Megan Bears Augustyn (0000-0002-6662-6802, Department of Criminal Justice The University of Texas at San Antonio, corresponding author), Jean Marie Mcgloin (0009-0007-4029-4831, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland—College Park), David C Pyrooz (0000-0001-6915-3812, Department of Sociology University of Colorado Boulder) |
| Year | 2019 |
| Volume | 57 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 452-480 |
| Publication date | 2019-08-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Criminology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0011-1384 • E-ISSN: 1745-9125 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/1745-9125.12208 |
| OpenAlex | W2941449247 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 17 |
| References cited | 85 |
Gang membership is believed to impede success in the legitimate economic market while simultaneously supporting success in the illegal market. We extend the study of the economic effects of gang membership by using a within‐ and between‐individual analytic design, decomposing gang membership into multiple statuses (i.e., entering a gang, continuously in a gang, leaving a gang, and inactive gang membership), examining legal and illegal earnings simultaneously, and accounting for factors endogenous to gang membership that may contribute to economic achievement. By using panel data from 1,213 individuals who participated in the Pathways to Desistance Study to conduct a multilevel path analysis, we find that active gang membership status is unrelated to legal earnings. Alternatively, entering a gang is associated with increased illegal earnings, attributable to changes in delinquent peers and drug use, whereas leaving a gang has a direct relationship with decreased illegal earnings. Our results indicate that the positive economic effect of gang membership (i.e., illegal earnings and total earnings) is short‐lived and that, on balance, the sum of the gang membership experience does not “pay” in terms of overall earnings
Business · Demographic economics · Earnings · Econometrics · Economics · Panel data · Corruption and Economic Development · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance · Finance
What Gangs Aren’t
Understanding the Role of Violence and Conflict in the Stages of Gang Membership
Gang members and extremists in Switzerland
Promoting anti-gang attitudes and beliefs in high school students
Counselling approaches to support former gang members in constructing new careers
Homelessness, Offending, Victimization, and Criminal Legal System Contact
Street Gang Intervention
Beyond networks and institutions
We Can’t Get No Nine-to-Five’
Macro MI
Gang membership, gender, and sexual behavior in and outside a romantic relationship
Multidisciplinary teams, street outreach, and gang intervention
The ties that bribe
Reconsidering the “gang effect” in the face of intermittency
Selection, stability, and spuriousness
Procedural justice, legal orientations, and gang membership
Social Control and the Gang
Code of the Suburb
An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques
Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
Persons as Contexts
Continuity and Change in Gang Membership and Gang Embeddedness
The Disaggregation of Within-Person and Between-Person Effects in Longitudinal Models of Change
Understanding the Black Box of Gang Organization
“From Your First Cigarette to Your Last Dyin’ Day”
Shadow Prices, Market Wages, and Labor Supply
An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang's Finances
For objective causal inference, design trumps analysis
Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis
Species Richness of Parasite Assemblages
A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation.
The Truly Disadvantaged
Going down to the barrio
Juvenile Delinquency in Europe and Beyond
Outline of a Theory of Practice
Real Gangstas
How Gangs Work
The Social Order of the Underworld
Incarceration Length, Employment, and Earnings
Social Capital
Operational Lessons from the Pathways to Desistance Project
Youth Gangs and Definitional Issues
Barrio Gangs
Life in the Gang
The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men
Distress and Restraint as Superordinate Dimensions of Self‐Reported Adjustment
Disengagement From Gangs as Role Transitions
Crime and Work
Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Gang Membership for Adult Functioning
Do perceptions of neighborhood disorganization predict crime or victimization? An examination of gang member versus non-gang member jail inmates
Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency
Investment in Human Capital
Delinquent Peers, Beliefs, and Delinquent Behavior
Criminal Achievement, Offender Networks and the Benefits of Low Self‐control
The Trade in Tools
The Social Embeddedness of Crime and Unemployment
Self‐reported Gang Involvement and Officially Recorded Delinquency
Mentors and Criminal Achievement
On the Reliability and Validity of Self‐reported Illegal Earnings
Dealers, Thieves, and the Common Determinants of Drug and Nondrug Illegal Earnings
Consequences of Incarceration for Gang Membership
Gang Membership as a Turning Point in the Life Course
When the Ties That Bind Unwind
Motherhood and Criminal Desistance in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods
Patterns in Criminal Achievement
The Cascading Effects of Adolescent Gang Involvement Across the Life Course
Delinquency and Opportunity
Trajectories of Change in Criminal Offending
The Returns to Criminal Capital
The Impact of Incarceration on Employment during the Transition to Adulthood
When Crime Pays
The Performance of RMSEA in Models With Small Degrees of Freedom
The Socioeconomic Determinants of Ill-Gotten Gains
Disillusionment and Change
Are we a family or a business?' History and disjuncture in the urban American street gang
Getting into Street Crime
| Unique citing works | 17 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2,83 |
| Citation span | 2020 - 2026 (7) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 17 |