Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Crack Dealers and Restrictive Deterrence

Identifying Narcs

Bibliographic Data

ID9680994
AuthorsBruce A Jacobs (University of Missouri–St. Louis, corresponding author)
Year1996
Volume34
Issue3
Pages409-431
Publication date1996-08-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueCriminology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0011-1384 • E-ISSN: 1745-9125
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01213.x
OpenAlexW2073165455
LanguageEN
Citations received69
References cited34

Data drawn from semistructured interviews with 40 active street‐level crack dealers are used to illustrate, apply, and expand the concept of restrictive deterrence. The article focuses on the perceptual shorthand dealers use to determine whether buyers in question are “narcs.” In presenting this shorthand, the article seeks to demonstrate how interactions among marketplace democratization (i.e., the idea of selling to as many different customers as possible to maximize profits), marketplace volatility, transactional brevity, and threats from law enforcement affect its complexity and refinement. Respondents operated out of a medium‐sized, midwestern metropolitan area (population: 2.2 million) within a central city of 390,000

Business · Criminology · Deterrence (psychology · Economics · Forensic engineering · Law and economics · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance · Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies · Engineering · Psychology

  • Can Punishment Encourage Offending? Investigating The “resetting” Effect

    Open Access•Greg Pogarsky, Alex R Piquero•Journal of Research in Crime and…•2003

  • Exploring stolen data markets online

    Thomas J Holt, Eric Lampke•Criminal Justice Studies•2010

  • Criminal Expertise and Offender Decision-Making

    Volkan Topalli•The British Journal of Criminology•2005

  • “Drop the Body”

    Open Access•April Miin Miin Chai, Eric Beauregard et al.•International Journal of Offender…•2021

  • Proterrence, rule illegitimacy, and the ban on tobacco smoke in Amsterdam's coffeeshops

    Open Access•Scott Jacques, Bruce A Jacobs•European Journal of Criminology•2023

  • Restrictive deterrence in Hong Kong drug dealing

    Open Access•Chi Keung So, Xin Guan et al.•Trends in Organized Crime•2023

  • Drug market risk environment and navigational strategies of street-level dealers in Nigeria

    Ediomo‐ubong E Nelson, Macpherson Uchenna Nnam et al.•Drugs Education Prevention and…•2025

  • “I straight up criminalized myself on messenger”

    Open Access•Robin van der Sanden, Chris Wilkins et al.•Drugs Education Prevention and…•2024

  • Restrictive deterrence and the scope of hackers’ reoffending

    Open Access•David Maimon, C Jordan Howell et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2021

  • Criminal Self-Efficacy and Perceptions of Risk and Reward among Women Methamphetamine Manufacturers

    Open Access•Jessica R Deitzer, Lindsay Leban et al.•Justice Quarterly•2022

  • “I Sometimes Pretended to Get Groceries”

    Open Access•Guo Jing-ying, Jing-ying Guo et al.•International Journal of Offender…•2023

  • Testing the Effects of Deterrence Communications on Illegal Marijuana Dealing

    Open Access•Ha-Neul Yim, Jaeyong Choi et al.•Crime & Delinquency•2024

  • Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance

    Bruce A Jacobs, Jody Miller•Social Problems•1998

  • Sociological Rational Choice Theory

    Michael Hechter, Kanazawa et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•1997

  • I knew if I did that, they'd catch me again

    Open Access•Lynne M Vieraitis, Rashaan A Deshay•Journal of Criminal Justice•2025

  • The socio-economic context of entry and exit from retail drug dealing

    Open Access•Ediomo‐ubong E Nelson•International Journal of Drug…•2023

  • Drug dealers’ rational choices on which customers to rip-off

    Open Access•Scott Jacques, Andrea Allen et al.•International Journal of Drug…•2014

  • Production, perceptions, and punishment

    Open Access•Holly Nguyen, A Malm et al.•International Journal of Drug…•2015

  • Non-violent threats and promises among closed-market drug dealers

    Open Access•Timothy Dickinson•International Journal of Drug…•2017

  • Carjacking

    Open Access•Bruce A Jacobs, Michael Cherbonneau•Annual Review of Criminology•2022

  • The business is about knowing who to sell to”

    Open Access•Ediomo‐ubong E Nelson, Tasha M Ramirez•International journal of law,…•2021

  • The dynamics of envy in the street field

    Open Access•Ediomo‐ubong E Nelson•Criminology & Criminal Justice•2023

  • Desistance from terrorism

    G Lafree, Erin Miller•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2008

  • Identifying gaps in the research literature on illicit markets on-line

    Thomas J Holt•Global Crime•2016

  • Examining the risk reduction strategies of actors in online criminal markets

    Thomas J Holt, Olga Smirnova et al.•Global Crime•2015

  • Smashing Backdoors in and the Wandering Eye

    Open Access•J F Green•Feminist Criminology•2021

  • Understanding markers of trust within the online stolen data market

    Open Access•Jin R Lee•Criminology & Public Policy•2023

  • Like aspirin for arthritis”

    Open Access•David Décary-Hétu, Camille Faubert et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2023

  • Illegal Roaming and File Manipulation on Target Computers

    Open Access•Alexander Testa, David Maimon et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2017

  • Gambling, Drugs, and Sex

    Open Access•Gordon James Knowles•Sociological Practice•1999

  • Amsterdam coffeeshops, victimisation, and police mobilization

    Open Access•Kim Moeller, Kim Møller et al.•Policing & Society•2020

  • As long as you have the guts’

    Open Access•Guo Jing-ying, Limin Zhou et al.•Discourse & Society•2024

  • Examining the Forces Shaping Cybercrime Markets Online

    Open Access•Thomas J Holt•Social Science Computer Review•2012

  • Research on Terrorism and Countering Terrorism

    G Lafree, Laura Dugan•Crime and Justice•2009

  • Expading dual labour market theory

    Open Access•John C Cross, Bruce D Johnson•International Journal of…•2000

  • Passing the buck

    Open Access•John C Cross•International Journal of…•2000

  • Do Online Illicit Drug Market Exchanges Afford Rationality

    Open Access•Andrew Child, Ross Coomber et al.•Contemporary Drug Problems•2020

  • Effective sanction avoidance in drug trafficking

    Open Access•Xin Guan, T Wing Lo•Journal of Community Psychology•2024

  • Cleaning up your act

    Open Access•Eric Beauregard, Martin Bouchard•Journal of Criminal Justice•2010

  • Examining the displacement practices of johns with on-line data

    Open Access•Thomas J Holt, Kristie R Blevins et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2008

  • The social organization of methamphetamine manufacturing

    Open Access•H Copes, Andy Hochstetler•Journal of Criminal Justice•2021

  • Deception, detection, and evasion

    Open Access•Gordon James Knowles•Journal of Criminal Justice•1999

  • Carjacking and the management of natural surveillance

    Open Access•Bruce A Jacobs, Michael Cherbonneau•Journal of Criminal Justice•2019

  • Rational choice beyond the classroom

    Open Access•Jeffrey A Bouffard, M Lyn Exum•Journal of Criminal Justice•2013

  • No change is a good change? Restrictive deterrence in illegal drug markets

    Open Access•Owen Gallupe, Martin Bouchard et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2011

  • Advancing restrictive deterrence

    Open Access•Kim Moeller, H Copes et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2016

  • The Relevance of Peace to Studies of Drug Market Violence

    Open Access•Scott Jacques, Richard Wright•Criminology•2008

  • Gossip, Decision-making and Deterrence in Drug Markets

    Timothy Dickinson, Richard Wright•The British Journal of Criminology•2015

  • The Impact of British Counterterrorist Strategies on Political Violence in Northern Ireland

    Open Access•G Lafree, Laura Dugan et al.•Criminology•2009

  • Restrictive Deterrent Effects of a Warning Banner in an Attacked Computer System

    Open Access•David Maimon, Mariel Alper et al.•Criminology•2014

  • The Level of Explanation Problem Revisited—the American Society of Criminology 1997 Presidential Address

    Open Access•James F Short•Criminology•1998

  • Testing a Rational Choice Model of Airline Hijackings

    Open Access•Laura Dugan, G Lafree et al.•Criminology•2005

  • On Ambiguity in Perceptions of Risk

    Open Access•Thomas A Loughran, Raymond Paternoster et al.•Criminology•2011

  • Dealers, Thieves, and the Common Determinants of Drug and Nondrug Illegal Earnings

    Open Access•Melissa Thompson, Christopher Uggen•Criminology•2012

  • Deterrence and Deterrability

    Open Access•Bruce A Jacobs•Criminology•2010

  • Enter the Dragon

    Open Access•Sheldon X Zhang, Sheldon Zhang et al.•Criminology•2002

  • Drive it like you Stole it’

    Michael Cherbonneau, H Copes•The British Journal of Criminology•2006

  • Black Drug Dealers In A White Welfare State

    Sandberg, S Sandberg•The British Journal of Criminology•2008

  • The Organization of the Illegal Tiger Parts Trade in China

    Rebecca W Y Wong, Rebecca Wong•The British Journal of Criminology•2016

  • A Crime Script Analysis of the Online Stolen Data Market

    Alice Hutchings, Thomas J Holt•The British Journal of Criminology•2015

  • Demarginalizing Symbolic Interactionism

    Open Access•J T Ulmer•Symbolic Interaction•2003

  • You Gotta Have a Plan so You Won't Get Caught

    Rashaan A Deshay, Arthur G Vasquez et al.•Deviant Behavior•2021

  • Geeks and Newbies

    Julien Chopin, Sarah Paquette et al.•Deviant Behavior•2023

  • Burnin' Down the House

    Zachary A Powell•Deviant Behavior•2018

  • Exploring and Estimating the Revenues of Cybercrime-As-Service Providers

    Open Access•Olga Smirnova, Thomas J Holt•Deviant Behavior•2025

  • Consulting Legal Experts in the Real and Virtual World

    Loretta J Stalans, Mary A Finn•Deviant Behavior•2016

  • Sanction Avoidance and the Illegal Wildlife Trade

    Open Access•Meredith L Gore, Lucie Escouflaire et al.•Journal of Illicit Economies and…•2021

  • Examining the Geographic Distribution of Victim Nations in Stolen Data Markets

    Open Access•Olga Smirnova, Thomas J Holt•American Behavioral Scientist•2017

  • Hard Drugs in A Soft Context

    Open Access•Curtis Jackson-Jacobs, Curtis Jackson‐Jacobs•Sociological Quarterly•2004

  • Crime, punishment, and deterrence

    Jack P Gibbs•Crime, punishment, and deterrence•1975

  • Labeling deviant behavior

    Edwin M Schur•Labeling deviant behavior•1971

  • Undercover

    Gary T Marx•Undercover•1988

  • Streetwise

    Elijah Anderson•Streetwise•1990

  • Islands in the Street

    Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, Martín Sánchez‐jankowski et al.•Islands in the Street•1991

  • Reconceptualizing Deterrence

    Open Access•Raymond Paternoster, Alex R Piquero et al.•Journal of Research in Crime and…•1995

  • The deterrent effect of the perceived certainty and severity of punishment

    Raymond Paternoster•Justice Quarterly•1987

  • Prospect Theory

    Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky•Econometrica•1979

  • Studies in ethnomethodology

    Harold Garfinkel•Studies in ethnomethodology•1984

  • Relations in Public. Microstudies of the Public Order

    Open Access•Michael Dellwing•Goffman-Handbuch•2022

  • Doing Feminist Research

    H Roberts•Doing Feminist Research•2013

  • The phenomenology of the social world

    Open Access•Alfred Schutz, Fredrick Lehnert et al.•Phenomenology of the Social World•1967

  • A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence

    Open Access•Mark C Stafford, Mark Warr•Journal of Research in Crime and…•1993

  • Undercover Drug‐Use Evasion Tactics

    Open Access•Bruce A Jacobs•Symbolic Interaction•1992

  • Determinants of needle sharing among intravenous drug users

    Stephen Magura, Joel I Grossman et al.•American Journal of Public Health•1989

  • Maintenance of safer sexual behaviors and predictors of risky sex

    Maria L Ekstrand, Thomas J Coates•American Journal of Public Health•1990

  • Anticipatory undercover targeting in high schools

    Open Access•Bruce A Jacobs•Journal of Criminal Justice•1994

  • Deterrence

    Open Access•Graeme R Newman, Graeme Newman•Journal of Criminal Justice•1973

  • Undercover Deception Clues

    Open Access•Bruce A Jacobs•Criminology•1993

  • Homeboys, Dope Fiends, Legits, and New Jacks

    Open Access•John M Hagedorn•Criminology•1994

  • Perceptual Deterrence Among Active Residential Burglars

    Open Access•Scott Decker, Richard Wright et al.•Criminology•1993

  • The Social Organization of Drug Use and Drug Dealing Among Urban Gangs

    Open Access•Jeffrey Fagan•Criminology•1989

  • Undercover Deception

    Open Access•Bruce A Jacobs•Journal of Contemporary Ethnography•1992

  • Crime, Deterrence, and Rational Choice

    Irving Piliavin, Rosemary Gartner et al.•American Sociological Review•1986

  • The Paradoxical Impact of Criminal Sanctions

    Open Access•Sheldon Ekland-Olson, John Lieb et al.•Law & Society Review•1984

  • Product Familiarity and Learning New Information

    E Johnson, Eric J Johnson et al.•Journal of Consumer Research•1984

  • Crack Cocaine Dealing by Adolescents in Two Public Housing Projects

    Richard Dembo, Patrick H Hughes et al.•Human Organization•1993

  • Snowball Sampling

    Open Access•Patrick Biernacki, Dan Waldorf•Sociological Methods & Research•1981

Unique citing works69
Citations per year2,38
Citation span1997 - 2025 (29)
Citation velocityrecent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 69

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae