William R Smith
Biographic Data
| ID | 100254 |
|---|---|
| NAME | William R Smith |
| GIVEN NAMES | William R |
| FAMILY NAME | Smith |
| SIGNATURE | SMITH W R |
| AFFILIATIONS | North Carolina State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1982-2050 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 16 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 256 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 16 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Moral expertise without moral elitism
Skepticism about ethical expertise has grown common, raising concerns that bioethicists’ roles are inappropriate or depend on something other than expertise in ethics. While these roles may depend on skills other than those of expertise, overlooking the role of expertise in ethics distorts our conception of moral advising. This paper argues that motivations to reject ethical expertise often stem from concerns about elitism: either an intellectual…
Benjamin Colman’s Epistolary World, 1688-1755: Networking in the Dissenting Atlantic
Benjamin Colman Travels to England, 1695–1699
Chapter 11. Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
This chapter examines the impact of race on the likelihood of being stopped by both the North Carolina Highway Patrol and local police in the state. It utilizes citizen survey data that captures variables that are often missing in traffic stop studies, including measures of self-reported driving behavior. The chapter reveals that race is a significant predictor of traffic stops in the data involving local police, but not in the Highway Patrol dat…
Park Use Among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors
This article examines park use in relation to neighborhood social (safety and poverty) and urban form (pedestrian infrastructure and street network pattern) characteristics among youth and adult subpopulations defined by age and gender. We utilized System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Geographic Information Systems to objectively measure park use and park and neighborhood characteristics in 20 neighborhood parks. H…
Park-Based Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents
Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
We estimate the degree of racial disparity in police vehicular stops separately for local and state police in North Carolina in the year 2000. We introduce four mechanisms that might produce racial disparities in police stops—racial profiling, race sensitive police deployment, cognitive bias and stereotyping, and prejudice. We then model the relative odds of police vehicle stops as a function of race, driving behavior, and other demographic statu…
Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Gender Differences in Contextual Sensitivity
Studies have been directed at explaining the ‘gender gap’ in the fear of crime: why do women have higher fear levels than men? Previous studies lead to the tentative conclusion that women are more fearful due to their greater vulnerability in risky environments. Yet, the differential effects of various environments on fear levels of men and women is not well understood. In this paper, theories of gender differences in fear of crime are reviewed, …
Social Science, Social Policy, and the Law
Furthering the Integration of Routine Activity and Social Disorganization Theories: Small Units of Analysis and the Study of Street Robbery as a Diffusion Process
Attempts to integrate the two predominant spatial theories of crime, social disorganization and routine activity theories, may benefit from examining empirical relationships at units of analysis smaller than the relatively large units characteristic of most ecological research (cities, SMSAs, census tracts, multiple city blocks). Small units of analysis, specifically, face blocks (both sides of a city block between two intersections) are analyzed…
The consequences of error
Gender Differences in Risk Perception and Neutralizing Fear of Crime: Toward Resolving the Paradoxes
Why the least victimized by violence (e.g., women and elderly) are most fearful is a central paradox in the fear of crime literature. Four attempts to resolve the paradox are discussed: hidden victimization of women; greater tendencies of women to recall early life-course experiences, and to generalize fear from one context to another and from one type of victimization to another; vulnerability of women; and male discounting of fear. Empirical ev…
Crime and the American Press
Delinquent Career-Lines: A Conceptual Link Between Theory and Juvenile Offenses
Theories of delinquent behavior have failed to adequately explain the seeming lack of specialization or development in the delinquent careers of chronic offenders. The extent to which delinquents specialize in their criminal careers is unclear because of inadequacies in two related areas: the offense typologies or classifications used and the failure to consider in the analysis the entire sequence of crimes. It is argued that both of these areas …
Patterns of delinquent careers: An assessment of three perspectives
A natural inquiry into the national enquirer: Self‐induced versus task‐induced reading comprehension∗
This study explores what information is selected and acquired when readers genuinely want to read textual material. College students read sheets from the National Enquirer news magazine in both Self‐induced and Task‐induced reading conditions. In Self‐induced conditions they read the new sheets voluntarily and did not expect to be tested on the contents. In Task‐induced conditions the students knew they were in an experiment that would assess mem…
Furthering the Integration of Routine Activity and Social Disorganization Theories: Small Units of Analysis and the Study of Street Robbery as a Diffusion Process
Attempts to integrate the two predominant spatial theories of crime, social disorganization and routine activity theories, may benefit from examining empirical relationships at units of analysis smaller than the relatively large units characteristic of most ecological research (cities, SMSAs, census tracts, multiple city blocks). Small units of analysis, specifically, face blocks (both sides of a city block between two intersections) are analyzed…
Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
We estimate the degree of racial disparity in police vehicular stops separately for local and state police in North Carolina in the year 2000. We introduce four mechanisms that might produce racial disparities in police stops—racial profiling, race sensitive police deployment, cognitive bias and stereotyping, and prejudice. We then model the relative odds of police vehicle stops as a function of race, driving behavior, and other demographic statu…
Gender Differences in Risk Perception and Neutralizing Fear of Crime: Toward Resolving the Paradoxes
Why the least victimized by violence (e.g., women and elderly) are most fearful is a central paradox in the fear of crime literature. Four attempts to resolve the paradox are discussed: hidden victimization of women; greater tendencies of women to recall early life-course experiences, and to generalize fear from one context to another and from one type of victimization to another; vulnerability of women; and male discounting of fear. Empirical ev…
Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Gender Differences in Contextual Sensitivity
Studies have been directed at explaining the ‘gender gap’ in the fear of crime: why do women have higher fear levels than men? Previous studies lead to the tentative conclusion that women are more fearful due to their greater vulnerability in risky environments. Yet, the differential effects of various environments on fear levels of men and women is not well understood. In this paper, theories of gender differences in fear of crime are reviewed, …
A natural inquiry into the national enquirer: Self‐induced versus task‐induced reading comprehension∗
This study explores what information is selected and acquired when readers genuinely want to read textual material. College students read sheets from the National Enquirer news magazine in both Self‐induced and Task‐induced reading conditions. In Self‐induced conditions they read the new sheets voluntarily and did not expect to be tested on the contents. In Task‐induced conditions the students knew they were in an experiment that would assess mem…
Delinquent Career-Lines: A Conceptual Link Between Theory and Juvenile Offenses
Theories of delinquent behavior have failed to adequately explain the seeming lack of specialization or development in the delinquent careers of chronic offenders. The extent to which delinquents specialize in their criminal careers is unclear because of inadequacies in two related areas: the offense typologies or classifications used and the failure to consider in the analysis the entire sequence of crimes. It is argued that both of these areas …
Patterns of delinquent careers: An assessment of three perspectives
A natural inquiry into the national enquirer: Self‐induced versus task‐induced reading comprehension∗
This study explores what information is selected and acquired when readers genuinely want to read textual material. College students read sheets from the National Enquirer news magazine in both Self‐induced and Task‐induced reading conditions. In Self‐induced conditions they read the new sheets voluntarily and did not expect to be tested on the contents. In Task‐induced conditions the students knew they were in an experiment that would assess mem…
Delinquent Career-Lines: A Conceptual Link Between Theory and Juvenile Offenses
Theories of delinquent behavior have failed to adequately explain the seeming lack of specialization or development in the delinquent careers of chronic offenders. The extent to which delinquents specialize in their criminal careers is unclear because of inadequacies in two related areas: the offense typologies or classifications used and the failure to consider in the analysis the entire sequence of crimes. It is argued that both of these areas …
Patterns of delinquent careers: An assessment of three perspectives
Crime and the American Press
Gender Differences in Risk Perception and Neutralizing Fear of Crime: Toward Resolving the Paradoxes
Why the least victimized by violence (e.g., women and elderly) are most fearful is a central paradox in the fear of crime literature. Four attempts to resolve the paradox are discussed: hidden victimization of women; greater tendencies of women to recall early life-course experiences, and to generalize fear from one context to another and from one type of victimization to another; vulnerability of women; and male discounting of fear. Empirical ev…
The consequences of error
Furthering the Integration of Routine Activity and Social Disorganization Theories: Small Units of Analysis and the Study of Street Robbery as a Diffusion Process
Attempts to integrate the two predominant spatial theories of crime, social disorganization and routine activity theories, may benefit from examining empirical relationships at units of analysis smaller than the relatively large units characteristic of most ecological research (cities, SMSAs, census tracts, multiple city blocks). Small units of analysis, specifically, face blocks (both sides of a city block between two intersections) are analyzed…
Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Gender Differences in Contextual Sensitivity
Studies have been directed at explaining the ‘gender gap’ in the fear of crime: why do women have higher fear levels than men? Previous studies lead to the tentative conclusion that women are more fearful due to their greater vulnerability in risky environments. Yet, the differential effects of various environments on fear levels of men and women is not well understood. In this paper, theories of gender differences in fear of crime are reviewed, …
Social Science, Social Policy, and the Law
Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
We estimate the degree of racial disparity in police vehicular stops separately for local and state police in North Carolina in the year 2000. We introduce four mechanisms that might produce racial disparities in police stops—racial profiling, race sensitive police deployment, cognitive bias and stereotyping, and prejudice. We then model the relative odds of police vehicle stops as a function of race, driving behavior, and other demographic statu…
Park-Based Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents
Park Use Among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors
This article examines park use in relation to neighborhood social (safety and poverty) and urban form (pedestrian infrastructure and street network pattern) characteristics among youth and adult subpopulations defined by age and gender. We utilized System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Geographic Information Systems to objectively measure park use and park and neighborhood characteristics in 20 neighborhood parks. H…
Chapter 11. Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
This chapter examines the impact of race on the likelihood of being stopped by both the North Carolina Highway Patrol and local police in the state. It utilizes citizen survey data that captures variables that are often missing in traffic stop studies, including measures of self-reported driving behavior. The chapter reveals that race is a significant predictor of traffic stops in the data involving local police, but not in the Highway Patrol dat…
Benjamin Colman’s Epistolary World, 1688-1755: Networking in the Dissenting Atlantic
Benjamin Colman Travels to England, 1695–1699
Moral expertise without moral elitism
Skepticism about ethical expertise has grown common, raising concerns that bioethicists’ roles are inappropriate or depend on something other than expertise in ethics. While these roles may depend on skills other than those of expertise, overlooking the role of expertise in ethics distorts our conception of moral advising. This paper argues that motivations to reject ethical expertise often stem from concerns about elitism: either an intellectual…
Crime Patterns and Interventions (10 works) · Criminology (9 works) · Psychology (9 works) · Political science (8 works) · Sociology (8 works) · Law (6 works) · Computer Science (4 works) · Geography (4 works) · Social Psychology (4 works) · Computer security (3 works)