Driving While Black
Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9680741 |
|---|---|
| Authors | P Y Warren (0000-0001-5824-281X, Florida State University, corresponding author), Patricia Warren, D Tomaskovic-Devey (0000-0003-3630-1967, University of Massachusetts Amherst), Donald Tomaskovic‐devey, William R Smith (0000-0002-1982-2050, North Carolina State University), William Smith (0000-0001-6611-0817), Matthew T Zingraff (United States Department of Health and Human Services), Matthew Zingraff, MARCINDA MASON (0000-0002-1966-7572) |
| Year | 2006 |
| Volume | 44 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 709-738 |
| Publication date | 2006-08-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Criminology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0011-1384 • E-ISSN: 1745-9125 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00061.x |
| OpenAlex | W2092849563 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 99 |
| References cited | 38 |
We estimate the degree of racial disparity in police vehicular stops separately for local and state police in North Carolina in the year 2000. We introduce four mechanisms that might produce racial disparities in police stops—racial profiling, race sensitive police deployment, cognitive bias and stereotyping, and prejudice. We then model the relative odds of police vehicle stops as a function of race, driving behavior, and other demographic statuses separately by police organization type, with controls for omitted variable bias at both the driver and spatial level. We find only weak evidence of racial disparity in stops by officers of the state highway patrol but stronger evidence in those made by local police officers
Criminology · Logistic regression · Odds · Political science · Prejudice (legal term · Race (biology · Racial bias · Racial profiling · Racism · Sociology · Statistics · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Gender Studies · Law · Mathematics · Policing Practices and Perceptions · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Focal Concerns Theory
Fundamentals of Criminological and Criminal Justice Inquiry
Race and Perceptions of Police
Addressing Police Brutality of Black Men
Prevalence and Correlates of Exposure (Direct and Indirect) to Perceived Racism-Based Police Violence among Black Emerging Adult College Students
Disparities in Youth Arrest Across Racial and Ethnic Subgroups
Accountability and police use of force
Vehicle Stops and Group Position
Factors contributing to frequent police contact among young people
The heat
Drunk, Drugged and Disorderly
Disparities in Sex-Specific Arrest Rates
Traveling While Trans
Understanding Police Agencies’ Explanations for Racial and Ethnic Disproportionality in Vehicle Stops
May I Talk to You for a Minute? An Assessment of Street Stops and Officer Decision-Making
Racial profiling and CT motor vehicle stops
Race, Ethnicity, and Policing
Institutional Racism, Numbers Management, and Zero‐Tolerance Policing in N ew Y ork City
Police Violence Exposure and Associated Health Outcomes Among Latinx Adults in the United States
Does Police Stop and Search Make Everyone Feel Safe? Evidence From the United States
Detective Effort Among Complainant and Suspect Racial and Ethnic Dyads
Women of color and the war on crime
Police Stops, Pretext, and Racial Profiling
A comprehensive quantitative analysis of jaywalking citations for New York City from 2006 to 2022
Characterizing patterns in police stops by race in Minneapolis from 2016 to 2021
Understanding the role of race, gender and age in request to consent search drivers
The color of confinement
The Influence of Defendant Race/Ethnicity and Police Body-Worn Cameras on Traffic Case Processing
Black Muslim perceptions of police respectfulness and stop legitimacy
The Role of Procedural Justice in Policing
The Influence of Community Characteristics on Police Officers' Approaches to Patrolling Latinos in Three Towns
Dying Fast and Dying Slow in Black Space
Profiles of Black Emerging Adults Exposure to Racism-Based Police Violence and Associated Mental Health Outcomes
How do drivers react to partisan bumper stickers? Understanding polarization in apolitical settings
LatCrit and Criminology
The Slow Violence of Contemporary Policing
From Roadside Stops to the Courthouse Stairs
Intersectional stereotyping in policing
Police Use of Force by Ethnicity, Sex, and Socioeconomic Class
Racial Profiling and Traffic Stops
Racial Salience and the Consequences of Making White People Uncomfortable
Crime concentration, African-American density, and racial disparity in police arrests
The Dehumanization of Black Males by Police
Can police training reduce ethnic/racial disparities in stop and search? Evidence from a multisite UK trial
Abandon Felon Disenfranchisement Policies
Overview of
Race, Place, and Drug Enforcement
Do body‐worn cameras reduce disparities in police behavior in minority communities? Evidence of nuanced influences across Black and Hispanic neighborhoods
Suspicious places make people suspicious
Haven't they suffered enough? Time to exoneration following wrongful conviction of racially marginalized minority- vs. majority-group members
Examining Farmers’ Market Locations
Parking tickets and police reform
More Black than Blue? Comparing the Racial Attitudes of Police to Citizens
Risk a Lot to Save a Lot
Understanding the role of the built and social environments in outcomes of stops by police in San Diego, California
The impact of weather on the racial composition of traffic stop and citation issuance in the United States
Policing car space and the legal liminality of the automobile
Reinventing American Policing
Delinquency Research in the Nordic Countries
Race, driving, and police organization
Untangling race and class effects on juvenile arrests
Stop-and-frisk in New York City
Driving racial profiling research forward
Assessing the racial aspects of police force using the implicit- and counter-bias perspectives
Racial differences in speeding patterns
Improving criminal justice through better decision making
Are police-reported driving while Black data a valid indicator of the race and ethnicity of the traffic law violators police stop? A negative answer with minor qualifications
Predicting arrest probability across time
National Police Reform Commissions
The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling
Cumulative Disadvantage
Toronto's drug policy paradox
Neighborhood Racial Context and Perceptions of Police‐based Racial Discrimination Among Black Youth
Social Ecology and Recidivism
Where’s The Crime? Exploring Divergences Between Call Data and Perceptions of Local Crime
Racial Disparities in Civilian Response to Police Use of Force
Are Minorities Subjected to, or Insulated from, Racialized Policing in Majority–Minority Community Contexts
Reasonable Suspicion in the Eye of the Beholder
The Long Shadow of Police Racial Treatment
Immigration control and the white working class
The geography of (un)reasonable suspicion
Latino Youth and the School-to-Prison Pipeline
Pouvoir discrétionnaire, infractions routières et interventions policières
The sociospatial ecology of deaths during police interactions in the United States, 2016-2020
The Corner and the Crew
The Politics of Police
Unpacking Police and Policing in New York City Through the Lens of Caribbean Immigrants
A theoretical and empirical critique of racial innocence in sentencing
Officer bias, over-patrolling and ethnic disparities in stop and search
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
Race and the NFL Draft
Stop, Frisk, and Assault? Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force During Investigatory Stops
Raitera, Ally, Accomplice
Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Contact
A Test of the Differential Involvement Hypothesis
Racial Disparity in Probationers' Views about Probation
Race and Cumulative Discrimination in the Prosecution of Criminal Defendants
Race and Ethnicity Missingness in the Traffic Stop Data Reported by 308 Massachusetts Police Agencies
The salience of skin tone
Justice without trial
Ethnicity, race, and crime
Race, crime, and the law
Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man
Streetwise
Theory and racial profiling
Citizens' perceptions of police misconduct
Examining the influence of drivers' characteristics during traffic stops with police
Toward an ecological theory of social perception.
Race and place
Race, Class, and Perceptions of Discrimination by the Police
Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency?
Equity and Discretionary Justice
Rediscovering the Social Group
Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations
Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man
Rediscovering the Social Group
Street wise
Automaticity of social behavior
Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen Stops
Perceptions of Racial Profiling
Driving While Black
Racial Economic Subordination and White Gain in the U.S. South
Racial Attitudes in America
The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior
Hot Spots of Predatory Crime
Stereotypes and prejudice
Black and Blue
Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance
Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime
Street-Level Justice
| Unique citing works | 99 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5,21 |
| Citation span | 2007 - 2026 (20) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 99 |