P Y Warren
Biographic Data
| ID | 43325 |
|---|---|
| NAME | P Y Warren |
| GIVEN NAMES | P Y |
| FAMILY NAME | Warren |
| SIGNATURE | WARREN P Y |
| AFFILIATIONS | Florida State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5824-281X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 172 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Victim Injury and Its Consequences: Assessing the Effects of Macro-Social Contexts on Punishment Dispositions
Because of its physical, psychological, and economic costs, victimization is a major concern for scholars and policymakers. To date, however, few studies have investigated how victim injury influences punishment across contexts. The current study fills this void by assessing whether the size of racial and ethnic populations conditions the effect of victim injury and injury severity on sentencing outcomes for race-specific defendants. We find supp…
The Association Between Adolescents’ Perceived Negative Treatment by Teachers and Peers on School Victimization
Drawing data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, we examine whether adolescents’ perceived teacher and peer negative treatment (being put down by teachers in the classroom and being perceived as a troublemaker by peers) increase the risk of school-based crime (property and personal victimization). We also investigate whether negative teacher and peer treatment conditions the effects of race (African American) and ethnicity (Latino) on…
Plea Bargaining and Trial Decisions in Context: An Examination of Disparities in Punishment
Racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system have been well documented in prior research. Despite this, few studies have explored the extent of disparities after accepting a plea bargain compared with proceeding to trial. The distinction between plea bargaining and going to trial is highlighted because judicial officials are more constrained by the law when making punitive decisions following a trial. Thus, there should be fewer d…
Net-Widening in Schools: The Collateral Consequences of Safe School Expenditures for Suspension Rates
Concerns about school safety are increasingly commonplace, especially considering the attention garnered by mass shootings and other instances of crime in schools. In response, billions of dollars in federal and state funding have been allocated to assist and support the safeguarding of the school environment and those within the school. However, it remains unclear whether safe school expenditures are consequential for school-related outcomes—spe…
The Room Where It Happens: Reflections on Being a Black Woman in the Academy
The Black Lives Matter movement emerged in 2013 as a result of George Zimmerman being acquitted for the death of Trayvon Martin. Until recently, the movement was mostly limited to violence inflicted on Black and Brown bodies at the hands of the police. More recently scholars, have extended the movement to include the experiences of minorities in academia with the purpose of addressing the institutional biases along with the racial and ethnic micr…
A Test of General Strain Theory: Explaining Intimate Partner Violence and Alcohol Use Among Black Women
Using a sample of 291 Black women and a longitudinal study, we explore how general strain theory can broaden our understanding of Black women’s alcohol use and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Results demonstrated that racial discrimination, past IPV and sexual victimization, and family member’s victimization heightened depression, which increased heavy alcohol use. Discrimination and family victimization also elevated anger, leading…
The Social Context of Criminal Threat, Victim Race, and Punitive Black and Latino Sentiment
Social Problems, Volume 66, Issue 2, May 2019, Pages 194–221, doi:10.1093/socpro/spy003 Published: 12 March 2018 The Editors have been alerted by a reader about concerns on the data underlying the above paper. The Editors have contacted the authors, with whom they are communicating to address specific concerns. In the interim, this Expression of Concern should be taken to indicate that the data presented in the article named above may not be reli…
Chapter 11. Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
This chapter examines the impact of race on the likelihood of being stopped by both the North Carolina Highway Patrol and local police in the state. It utilizes citizen survey data that captures variables that are often missing in traffic stop studies, including measures of self-reported driving behavior. The chapter reveals that race is a significant predictor of traffic stops in the data involving local police, but not in the Highway Patrol dat…
Together despite the odds: Explaining racial and ethnic heterogeneity in union dissolution after incarceration
The U.S. incarceration rate rose dramatically over the past 45 years, increasing the number of marriages and cohabiting unions disrupted by a jail or prison stay. But as some have pointed out, not all unions dissolve as a result of incarceration, and there seems to be racial–ethnic variation in this tendency, with Blacks displaying higher rates of dissolution than Whites and Hispanics. Yet it is unclear what explains racial–ethnic differences in …
Value in diversity: School racial and ethnic composition, teacher diversity, and school punishment
Retracted: A Legacy of Lynchings: Perceived Black Criminal Threat Among Whites
This article examines the legacy of lynchings on contemporary whites' views of blacks as criminal threats. To this end, it draws on prior literature on racial animus to demonstrate the sustained influence of lynching on contemporary America. We hypothesize that one long-standing legacy of lynchings is its influence in shaping views about blacks as criminals and, in particular, as a group that poses a criminal threat to whites. In addition, we hyp…
Retracted: The Social Context of Criminal Threat, Victim Race, and Punitive Black and Latino Sentiment
A well-established body of research focuses on the relationship between criminal threat and the exercise of formal social control, and a largely separate literature examines the effects of victim race in criminal punishment. Despite their close association, few attempts have been made to integrate these related lines of empirical inquiry in the sociology of punishment. In this article, we address this issue by examining relationships among crimin…
Retracted: Lynchings, Racial Threat, and Whites’ Punitive Views Toward Blacks
Disparities in historical and contemporary punishment of Blacks have been well documented. Racial threat has been proffered as a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. In an effort to understand the factors that influence punishment and racial divides in America, we draw on racial threat theory and prior scholarship to test three hypotheses. First, Black punitive sentiment among Whites will be greater among those who reside in areas where l…
Thinking fast, not slow: How cognitive biases may contribute to racial disparities in the use of force in police-citizen encounters
Cynical Streets: Neighborhood Social Processes and Perceptions of Criminal in Justice
Studies have found that African Americans are more likely to perceive racial biases in the criminal justice system than are those from other racial groups. There is a limited understanding of how neighborhood social processes affect variation in these perceptions. This study formulates a series of hypotheses focused on whether perceived racial biases in the criminal justice system or perceptions of injustice vary as a function of levels of moral …
Neighborhood disorder and generalized trust: A multilevel mediation examination of social mechanisms
Racial, Ethnic, and Immigrant Threat: Is There a New Criminal Threat on State Sentencing?
Objectives: The racial threat perspective argues that racial minorities are subjected to greater punishment in places with large or growing minority populations. However, prior research has focused largely on Black populations while devoting limited attention to potential “Latino threat” or “immigrant threat” effects. To address these gaps, this study explores the effects of racial, ethnic, and immigrant threat on sentence disposition (jail, pris…
Inequality by design: The connection between race, crime, victimization, and social policy
The Continuing Significance of Race: An Analysis Across Two Levels of Policing
Objectives. Survey research has demonstrated that there is significant race variation in perceptions of the police, with black citizens holding lower levels of trust than do whites. Although these differences have been well documented, few studies have examined if and how these differences vary across police organizations. Using survey data from the North Carolina Highway Traffic Study, the objective of this research was to explore the influence …
Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior
Research Summary Scholarly research has documented repeatedly that minority citizens are disproportionately stopped, searched, and arrested relative to their baseline populations. In recent years, policymakers have brought increased attention to this issue as law‐enforcement agencies across the United States have faced allegations of racial profiling. In the 1990s, the politics generated by accounts of racially biased policing placed heightened p…
The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling
Racial profiling describes the practice of targeting or stopping an individual based primarily on his or her race rather than any individualized suspicion. Such profiling came under considerable public scrutiny beginning in the 1990s when the media drew substantial attention to racial profiling in traffic stops. This study examines whether the heightened public scrutiny generated by the media as well as legislative and organizational changes that…
Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
We estimate the degree of racial disparity in police vehicular stops separately for local and state police in North Carolina in the year 2000. We introduce four mechanisms that might produce racial disparities in police stops—racial profiling, race sensitive police deployment, cognitive bias and stereotyping, and prejudice. We then model the relative odds of police vehicle stops as a function of race, driving behavior, and other demographic statu…
Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
We estimate the degree of racial disparity in police vehicular stops separately for local and state police in North Carolina in the year 2000. We introduce four mechanisms that might produce racial disparities in police stops—racial profiling, race sensitive police deployment, cognitive bias and stereotyping, and prejudice. We then model the relative odds of police vehicle stops as a function of race, driving behavior, and other demographic statu…
Cynical Streets: Neighborhood Social Processes and Perceptions of Criminal in Justice
Studies have found that African Americans are more likely to perceive racial biases in the criminal justice system than are those from other racial groups. There is a limited understanding of how neighborhood social processes affect variation in these perceptions. This study formulates a series of hypotheses focused on whether perceived racial biases in the criminal justice system or perceptions of injustice vary as a function of levels of moral …
Neighborhood disorder and generalized trust: A multilevel mediation examination of social mechanisms
Thinking fast, not slow: How cognitive biases may contribute to racial disparities in the use of force in police-citizen encounters
Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior
Research Summary Scholarly research has documented repeatedly that minority citizens are disproportionately stopped, searched, and arrested relative to their baseline populations. In recent years, policymakers have brought increased attention to this issue as law‐enforcement agencies across the United States have faced allegations of racial profiling. In the 1990s, the politics generated by accounts of racially biased policing placed heightened p…
Value in diversity: School racial and ethnic composition, teacher diversity, and school punishment
The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling
Racial profiling describes the practice of targeting or stopping an individual based primarily on his or her race rather than any individualized suspicion. Such profiling came under considerable public scrutiny beginning in the 1990s when the media drew substantial attention to racial profiling in traffic stops. This study examines whether the heightened public scrutiny generated by the media as well as legislative and organizational changes that…
Together despite the odds: Explaining racial and ethnic heterogeneity in union dissolution after incarceration
The U.S. incarceration rate rose dramatically over the past 45 years, increasing the number of marriages and cohabiting unions disrupted by a jail or prison stay. But as some have pointed out, not all unions dissolve as a result of incarceration, and there seems to be racial–ethnic variation in this tendency, with Blacks displaying higher rates of dissolution than Whites and Hispanics. Yet it is unclear what explains racial–ethnic differences in …
The Continuing Significance of Race: An Analysis Across Two Levels of Policing
Objectives. Survey research has demonstrated that there is significant race variation in perceptions of the police, with black citizens holding lower levels of trust than do whites. Although these differences have been well documented, few studies have examined if and how these differences vary across police organizations. Using survey data from the North Carolina Highway Traffic Study, the objective of this research was to explore the influence …
Retracted: Lynchings, Racial Threat, and Whites’ Punitive Views Toward Blacks
Disparities in historical and contemporary punishment of Blacks have been well documented. Racial threat has been proffered as a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. In an effort to understand the factors that influence punishment and racial divides in America, we draw on racial threat theory and prior scholarship to test three hypotheses. First, Black punitive sentiment among Whites will be greater among those who reside in areas where l…
A Test of General Strain Theory: Explaining Intimate Partner Violence and Alcohol Use Among Black Women
Using a sample of 291 Black women and a longitudinal study, we explore how general strain theory can broaden our understanding of Black women’s alcohol use and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Results demonstrated that racial discrimination, past IPV and sexual victimization, and family member’s victimization heightened depression, which increased heavy alcohol use. Discrimination and family victimization also elevated anger, leading…
Retracted: A Legacy of Lynchings: Perceived Black Criminal Threat Among Whites
This article examines the legacy of lynchings on contemporary whites' views of blacks as criminal threats. To this end, it draws on prior literature on racial animus to demonstrate the sustained influence of lynching on contemporary America. We hypothesize that one long-standing legacy of lynchings is its influence in shaping views about blacks as criminals and, in particular, as a group that poses a criminal threat to whites. In addition, we hyp…
Retracted: The Social Context of Criminal Threat, Victim Race, and Punitive Black and Latino Sentiment
A well-established body of research focuses on the relationship between criminal threat and the exercise of formal social control, and a largely separate literature examines the effects of victim race in criminal punishment. Despite their close association, few attempts have been made to integrate these related lines of empirical inquiry in the sociology of punishment. In this article, we address this issue by examining relationships among crimin…
Inequality by design: The connection between race, crime, victimization, and social policy
Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
We estimate the degree of racial disparity in police vehicular stops separately for local and state police in North Carolina in the year 2000. We introduce four mechanisms that might produce racial disparities in police stops—racial profiling, race sensitive police deployment, cognitive bias and stereotyping, and prejudice. We then model the relative odds of police vehicle stops as a function of race, driving behavior, and other demographic statu…
Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior
Research Summary Scholarly research has documented repeatedly that minority citizens are disproportionately stopped, searched, and arrested relative to their baseline populations. In recent years, policymakers have brought increased attention to this issue as law‐enforcement agencies across the United States have faced allegations of racial profiling. In the 1990s, the politics generated by accounts of racially biased policing placed heightened p…
The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling
Racial profiling describes the practice of targeting or stopping an individual based primarily on his or her race rather than any individualized suspicion. Such profiling came under considerable public scrutiny beginning in the 1990s when the media drew substantial attention to racial profiling in traffic stops. This study examines whether the heightened public scrutiny generated by the media as well as legislative and organizational changes that…
Inequality by design: The connection between race, crime, victimization, and social policy
The Continuing Significance of Race: An Analysis Across Two Levels of Policing
Objectives. Survey research has demonstrated that there is significant race variation in perceptions of the police, with black citizens holding lower levels of trust than do whites. Although these differences have been well documented, few studies have examined if and how these differences vary across police organizations. Using survey data from the North Carolina Highway Traffic Study, the objective of this research was to explore the influence …
Racial, Ethnic, and Immigrant Threat: Is There a New Criminal Threat on State Sentencing?
Objectives: The racial threat perspective argues that racial minorities are subjected to greater punishment in places with large or growing minority populations. However, prior research has focused largely on Black populations while devoting limited attention to potential “Latino threat” or “immigrant threat” effects. To address these gaps, this study explores the effects of racial, ethnic, and immigrant threat on sentence disposition (jail, pris…
Cynical Streets: Neighborhood Social Processes and Perceptions of Criminal in Justice
Studies have found that African Americans are more likely to perceive racial biases in the criminal justice system than are those from other racial groups. There is a limited understanding of how neighborhood social processes affect variation in these perceptions. This study formulates a series of hypotheses focused on whether perceived racial biases in the criminal justice system or perceptions of injustice vary as a function of levels of moral …
Neighborhood disorder and generalized trust: A multilevel mediation examination of social mechanisms
Thinking fast, not slow: How cognitive biases may contribute to racial disparities in the use of force in police-citizen encounters
Retracted: The Social Context of Criminal Threat, Victim Race, and Punitive Black and Latino Sentiment
A well-established body of research focuses on the relationship between criminal threat and the exercise of formal social control, and a largely separate literature examines the effects of victim race in criminal punishment. Despite their close association, few attempts have been made to integrate these related lines of empirical inquiry in the sociology of punishment. In this article, we address this issue by examining relationships among crimin…
Retracted: Lynchings, Racial Threat, and Whites’ Punitive Views Toward Blacks
Disparities in historical and contemporary punishment of Blacks have been well documented. Racial threat has been proffered as a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. In an effort to understand the factors that influence punishment and racial divides in America, we draw on racial threat theory and prior scholarship to test three hypotheses. First, Black punitive sentiment among Whites will be greater among those who reside in areas where l…
Retracted: A Legacy of Lynchings: Perceived Black Criminal Threat Among Whites
This article examines the legacy of lynchings on contemporary whites' views of blacks as criminal threats. To this end, it draws on prior literature on racial animus to demonstrate the sustained influence of lynching on contemporary America. We hypothesize that one long-standing legacy of lynchings is its influence in shaping views about blacks as criminals and, in particular, as a group that poses a criminal threat to whites. In addition, we hyp…
Chapter 11. Driving While Black: Bias Processes and Racial Disparity in Police Stops
This chapter examines the impact of race on the likelihood of being stopped by both the North Carolina Highway Patrol and local police in the state. It utilizes citizen survey data that captures variables that are often missing in traffic stop studies, including measures of self-reported driving behavior. The chapter reveals that race is a significant predictor of traffic stops in the data involving local police, but not in the Highway Patrol dat…
Together despite the odds: Explaining racial and ethnic heterogeneity in union dissolution after incarceration
The U.S. incarceration rate rose dramatically over the past 45 years, increasing the number of marriages and cohabiting unions disrupted by a jail or prison stay. But as some have pointed out, not all unions dissolve as a result of incarceration, and there seems to be racial–ethnic variation in this tendency, with Blacks displaying higher rates of dissolution than Whites and Hispanics. Yet it is unclear what explains racial–ethnic differences in …
Value in diversity: School racial and ethnic composition, teacher diversity, and school punishment
The Room Where It Happens: Reflections on Being a Black Woman in the Academy
The Black Lives Matter movement emerged in 2013 as a result of George Zimmerman being acquitted for the death of Trayvon Martin. Until recently, the movement was mostly limited to violence inflicted on Black and Brown bodies at the hands of the police. More recently scholars, have extended the movement to include the experiences of minorities in academia with the purpose of addressing the institutional biases along with the racial and ethnic micr…
A Test of General Strain Theory: Explaining Intimate Partner Violence and Alcohol Use Among Black Women
Using a sample of 291 Black women and a longitudinal study, we explore how general strain theory can broaden our understanding of Black women’s alcohol use and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Results demonstrated that racial discrimination, past IPV and sexual victimization, and family member’s victimization heightened depression, which increased heavy alcohol use. Discrimination and family victimization also elevated anger, leading…
The Social Context of Criminal Threat, Victim Race, and Punitive Black and Latino Sentiment
Social Problems, Volume 66, Issue 2, May 2019, Pages 194–221, doi:10.1093/socpro/spy003 Published: 12 March 2018 The Editors have been alerted by a reader about concerns on the data underlying the above paper. The Editors have contacted the authors, with whom they are communicating to address specific concerns. In the interim, this Expression of Concern should be taken to indicate that the data presented in the article named above may not be reli…
Plea Bargaining and Trial Decisions in Context: An Examination of Disparities in Punishment
Racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system have been well documented in prior research. Despite this, few studies have explored the extent of disparities after accepting a plea bargain compared with proceeding to trial. The distinction between plea bargaining and going to trial is highlighted because judicial officials are more constrained by the law when making punitive decisions following a trial. Thus, there should be fewer d…
Net-Widening in Schools: The Collateral Consequences of Safe School Expenditures for Suspension Rates
Concerns about school safety are increasingly commonplace, especially considering the attention garnered by mass shootings and other instances of crime in schools. In response, billions of dollars in federal and state funding have been allocated to assist and support the safeguarding of the school environment and those within the school. However, it remains unclear whether safe school expenditures are consequential for school-related outcomes—spe…
The Association Between Adolescents’ Perceived Negative Treatment by Teachers and Peers on School Victimization
Drawing data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, we examine whether adolescents’ perceived teacher and peer negative treatment (being put down by teachers in the classroom and being perceived as a troublemaker by peers) increase the risk of school-based crime (property and personal victimization). We also investigate whether negative teacher and peer treatment conditions the effects of race (African American) and ethnicity (Latino) on…
Victim Injury and Its Consequences: Assessing the Effects of Macro-Social Contexts on Punishment Dispositions
Because of its physical, psychological, and economic costs, victimization is a major concern for scholars and policymakers. To date, however, few studies have investigated how victim injury influences punishment across contexts. The current study fills this void by assessing whether the size of racial and ethnic populations conditions the effect of victim injury and injury severity on sentencing outcomes for race-specific defendants. We find supp…
Criminology (18 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (17 works) · Political science (17 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Law (15 works) · Psychology (15 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (9 works) · Policing Practices and Perceptions (9 works) · Law (8 works)