Ray Shaffer
Biographic Data
| ID | 100747 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ray Shaffer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ray |
| FAMILY NAME | Shaffer |
| SIGNATURE | SHAFFER R |
| AFFILIATIONS | State University of New York |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6766-2194 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 84 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 49 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 84 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1998 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Legacies of the Surveillance State: Communities Living in the Shadows by Cliodhna Pierce
The history of intelligence in Kenya
Fixing Spy Craft to Serve National Interests in Kenya: From the Colonial Special Branch to a Civilian National Intelligence Service, edited by Wilson A.C. Boinett, Chișinău (Moldova), Generis Publi
The Arab Bureau: The Story of Britain’s Most Ingenious Intelligence Unit
Nigerian perspectives on intelligence and national security
With a population of over 230 million people, Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and in the top five African countries by gross domestic product. Though intelligence studies scholarship on A
The future of intelligence studies: Technology and data
The future of intelligence studies has arrived. Technological changes that transformed societies throughout the world are ubiquitous. In fields from shipping to communication and biology, increased
The Cold War and Outer Space: New Perspectives on Culture, Law, and Technology
This article critically assesses three recent collections of essays, all published by Routledge, that look at the role of technological innovation, strategic rivalries, international legal regulation, and economic development in the competitive and cooperative exploration of outer space during the Cold War. The books produce valuable insights not only about the historical record but also about issues that remain a key part of international politi…
Imperial Gallows: Murder, Violence and the Death Penalty in British Colonial Africa, c.1915–60
Stronger Together: Intelligence in the English-Speaking West Indies
This article explores intelligence in the English-speaking West Indies by examining institutions, capabilities, and objectives. It highlights how the British Overseas Territories and independent nations separately and collectively gather and utilize intelligence. The article argues the territories and countries’ sizes and resources as well as their geographic locations significantly shape intelligence networks that collect, share, and use vital s…
Every Household Its Own Government: Improvised Infrastructure, Entrepreneurial Citizens, and the State in Nigeria
Daniel Jordan Smith explores how Nigerians negotiate failures of government infrastructure in daily routines. The book's title, Every Household Its Own Government, is a phrase Nigerians use describing the government's inability to provide people with basic infrastructure—like education, electricity, security, transport and water, which requires citizens to rely on themselves. Situated in the anthropological scholarship surrounding the lack of inf…
Advancing intelligence analysis: Using natural language processing on East Pakistani intelligence documents
This article demonstrates how natural language processing (NLP) can be used by intelligence practitioners and scholars to analyse text. Using decades of unredacted East Pakistani intelligence reports declassified and released by the Government of Bangladesh, the article shows how machine learning can provide insight into intelligence documents. In particular, it provides a case study for how NLP can provide quantitative analysis that complements …
Terrorism against healthcare facilities and workers in Africa: An assessment of attack modes, targets and locations
This article analyses nearly 600 terrorist attacks against healthcare facilities and workers in Africa between 1974 and 2021. It demonstrates there has been a notable increase in the number of terrorist attacks on these targets and explores the different attack modes, targets, and locations. The article describes how the attacks have transformed over the last nearly fifty years, becoming increasingly lethal. Consequently, it calls for scholars, t…
U.S. Homegrown Political Violence and Terrorism
The Bhutto family and Pakistan: Power, politics, and the deep state
Military coup d’etats are the worst enemies of national unity. Coup d’etats divides and debases a free people. If there was any doubt on the subject, the events in Pakistan have shown that the peop
Indian Intelligence and the Mystery of Muhammad’s Hair
Several times a year, crowds gather at the Hazratbal Shrine near Srinagar to see the imam display a thermometer-like container that purportedly holds Prophet Muhammad’s hair.1 Located close to the
Hospital Attacks Since 9/11: An Analysis of Terrorism Targeting Healthcare Facilities and Workers
This article explores terrorism against healthcare facilities and workers throughout the world since September 11, 2001 to assess trends in these attacks. Using five datasets, it examines the increased risk of terrorist attacks against healthcare facilities and workers, and analyzes when, where and how these largely soft targets have been attacked by terrorists. The article provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis about the types of attac…
In the shadow of a sword: The memoir of a woman leader in the LTTE
In the shadow of a sword: the memoir of a woman leader in the LTTE." Contemporary South Asia, 29(4), p. 600
China’s Power in Africa: A New Global Order
This book examines Chinese influence in Africa with attention to economic, diplomatic, security and cultural power. Olayiwola Abegunrin and Charity Manyeruke’s introduction lays out the analytic qu
Mauritania’s Colonels: Political leadership, civil-military relations and democratization
Boubacar N’Diaye surveys the four-decade rule by military officers in Mauritania to understand civil-military relations and the failure of democratisation. Exploring the country under military lead
New Currents in the Middle East
New Approaches to Post-War British Fascism
For decades, the academic literature about post-war British fascism was sparse. The post-war fascists were marginal and scholars’ attention to the subject was also limited. However, as the electora
Terrorism and War in Africa
Since the end of the Cold War, Africa has experienced a wide range of terrorism and wars. With a diverse population spread out over nearly sixty countries, there is no single type of insurgency, co
Violence and Terrorism in East Africa
East Africa is a diverse region with a wide variety of ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Countries in East Africa have taken different paths since the end of colonialism. Somalia, for insta...
Homegrown Terrorism and Responses in Europe
Homegrown terrorism has been a constant concern in the late modern era. Ranging from anarchists empowered with the invention of dynamite to white supremacist racist violence, homegrown terrorism ha
Peacebuilding After Violent Conflict
The trauma and divisions caused by violence have lasting consequences. Peacefully overcoming political violence usually requires neutral arbiters who bring enemies together for negotiation and deve
Militant and Terrorist Ideology, Meaning, and Radicalization
Ideologies provide frameworks for viewing the world. Extremists’ behavior is intertwined with systems of ideas that combine with a variety of other factors which shape motivations and justification
China-Pakistan relations: A historical analysis
The relationship between China and Pakistan has been marked by ‘durability’. This is despite differing political systems and cultures, the significant changes both countries have undergone and shifting geopolitical and economic interests. Most studies approach China–Pakistan relations with a geostrategic outlook focused on India. However, Ghulam Ali explains that the ‘Indo-Pakistan rivalry remains constant, but the nature of China's relationship …
The soundtrack of neo-fascism: Youth and music in the National Front
Shaffer examines youth involvement in the National Front and the development of neo-fascist music as a conduit for its ideas. Using rare publications and interviews with National Front members, he argues that youth had a profound impact on post-war British fascism by influencing fascist ideology and tactics. Following challenges from the Anti-Nazi League and Rock Against Racism, the National Front started its own youth outreach programmes that re…
Jihad and Counter-Jihad in Europe: Islamic Radicals, Right-Wing Extremists, and Counter-Terrorism Responses
This work is a concise recalling -as an aural recollection to a friend, recorded and then transcribed -of some events in my wyrdful and sometimes quite eventful life. A concise recalling of some events (with much left unwritten), because it is the essence of this particular life, recalled, that in my fallible view is or rather may be instructive, and I have tried to present this essence in a truthful way and thus be honest about my failings, my m…
Pan-European thought in British fascism: The International Third Position and the Alliance for Peace and Freedom
Shaffer’s article explores pan-Europeanism in post-war British fascism by examining the International Third Position (ITP) and the Alliance for Peace and Freedom (APF). More marginal than the National Front and the British National Party, these groups never sought electoral influence or attracted a noteworthy membership. However, the ITP and the APF served as an important expression of extremist thought after the National Front and British Nation…
Islamic politics, Muslim states, and counterterrorism tensions
Peter S. Henne examines how tensions and cooperation in international security policy between the United States and Muslim countries are shaped by religion–state relationships, differing objectives and Islamic politics. Employing a quantitative analysis of data from 1996 to 2009, he explores US relations with Pakistan, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates in order to understand varying state support for the US global ‘war on terror’. Henne argues …
State failure in the modern world
Zaryab Iqbal and Harvey Starr explore how state failure is linked to domestic and international political factors. Describing how international organizations and national governments showed interest in state failure largely before academics, the authors note that it was approached mostly as a policy issue. However, Iqbal and Starr write, ‘the current literature on state failure is still characterized by a significant lacuna in terms of rigorous e…
Terrorism against healthcare facilities and workers in Africa: An assessment of attack modes, targets and locations
This article analyses nearly 600 terrorist attacks against healthcare facilities and workers in Africa between 1974 and 2021. It demonstrates there has been a notable increase in the number of terrorist attacks on these targets and explores the different attack modes, targets, and locations. The article describes how the attacks have transformed over the last nearly fifty years, becoming increasingly lethal. Consequently, it calls for scholars, t…
In the shadow of a sword: The memoir of a woman leader in the LTTE
In the shadow of a sword: the memoir of a woman leader in the LTTE." Contemporary South Asia, 29(4), p. 600
Imperial Gallows: Murder, Violence and the Death Penalty in British Colonial Africa, c.1915–60
Foreign friends and British fascism: Understanding the American Friends of the British National Party
This article explores the first British National Party effort to establish a branch in a foreign country with the purpose of furthering political objectives in Great Britain. Specifically, it examines the American Friends of the British National Party by exploring its origins and activities as well as assessing its impact on contemporary British fascism. Using author interviews, United States government documents, tax returns and access to scarce…
The Islamic State: History, Transnationalism, and Implications
New Perspectives on Fascism and the Radical Right
Contemporary fascist and radical right political parties have achieved some of the best electoral results since the Second World War. Previously marginal parties and political figures have been ele
South Asia and the Great Powers: International relations and regional security
This edited volume explores the role of global and regional powers in south Asia paying particular attention to whether governments can align and show restraint in the interests of security. Specifically, the book examines ‘whether regional cooperation will prevail over conflict’—something which is likelier to happen if ‘the main stakeholders can agree to principles of restraint and peaceful change’ (p. 10). In order to examine this, the contribu…
British fascist antisemitism and Jewish responses, 1932–40
British fascist antisemitism and Jewish responses, 1932–40." Contemporary British History, 31(4), pp. 636–637
Emerging security threats in the Middle East: The impact of climate change and globalization
Ashok Swain and Anders Jägerskog examine vulnerabilities that have the potential to become regional security threats in the Middle East. In particular, the authors are concerned with the Mashrek region and the Arabian peninsula, including Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria as well as Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Though they note several ongoing problems, the book focuses on how emerging issue…
The Terrorism, Ideology, and Transformations of Al-Qaeda
Bill Ardolino. Fallujah Awakens: Marines, Sheikhs, and the Battle Against Al-Qaeda. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2013. 320 pp., $36.95 hardcover. ISBN: 978-1612511283.Ian Cram. Terror and
Unconventional Views of Terrorism: Culture, Objectives, and the Future
Christopher Coker. Warrior Geeks: How 21st Century Technology is Changing the Way We Fight and Think About War. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. 384 pp., $37.50 hardcover. ISBN: 019932789
Counter-Terrorism Intelligence, Policy and Theory Since 9/11
Rohan Gunaratna, Jolene Jerard, and Lawrence Rubin (Eds.). Terrorist Rehabilitation and Counter-Radicalisation: New Approaches to Counter-Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2011. 176 pp., $150.00 hard
Baltic Facades: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Since 1945
Ethnic Struggle, Coexistence, and Democratization in Eastern Europe
Establishing Children's Wishes and Feelings for Family Court Reports: The significance attached to the age of the child
Current UK government policy is to promote mediation as a way of avoiding family court proceedings and there is a risk, therefore, that welfare report-writing practice may receive less critical attention than it merits. A largely unstudied aspect of this practice is the significance given by practitioners to the child's age. More widely, across a broad academic and policy canvas, preoccupying concerns with children's rights, their ability to part…
Re-inventing the electrical machines curriculum
Undergraduate courses in electromechanical energy conversion are typically oriented toward the steady-state analysis of electrical machines. The advent of low-cost computer power and the availability of numerical software tools provide the opportunity to fundamentally reorient the pedagogical approach to the topic. A new approach is consistent with the developing need to emphasize the study of new machine designs and machines employed for control…
Establishing Children's Wishes and Feelings for Family Court Reports: The significance attached to the age of the child
Current UK government policy is to promote mediation as a way of avoiding family court proceedings and there is a risk, therefore, that welfare report-writing practice may receive less critical attention than it merits. A largely unstudied aspect of this practice is the significance given by practitioners to the child's age. More widely, across a broad academic and policy canvas, preoccupying concerns with children's rights, their ability to part…
Varieties of Anti-Fascism: Britain in the Interwar Period
Nigel Copsey and Andrzej Olechnowicz (Eds), Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 304 pp., ISBN 9780230006485 (£55.00) Varieties of Anti-Fascism provides a much needed reappraisal of British anti
The Other Alliance: Student Protest in West Germany and the United States in the Global Sixties
Book Review| January 01 2012 The Other Alliance: Student Protest in West Germany and the United States in the Global Sixties The Other Alliance: Student Protest in West Germany and the United States in the Global Sixties. Martin Klimke. Ryan Shaffer Ryan Shaffer Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal for the Study of Radicalism (2012) 6 (1): 109–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/41955485 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Face…
The adaptability of white privilege in Mississippi
The adaptability of white privilege in Mississippi Jenny Irons, Reconstituting Whiteness: The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press 2010. xx + 260pp
Heath, Nixon and the Rebirth of the Special Relationship: Britain, the US and the EC, 1969-74, by Niklas H. Rossbach
Niklas H. Rossbach’s book explores a formative period of the Anglo-American special relationship by analysing tensions and developments during the era of Edward Heath and Richard Nixon. Rossbach challenges the notion that ties changed little at this time by arguing that ‘the Nixon-Heath years should be seen as a period that defined and even sustained the Anglo-American special relationship’ (p. 1). His research disputes popular myths about Britis…
Ethnic Struggle, Coexistence, and Democratization in Eastern Europe
Modernism and British Socialism
Thomas Linehan, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, xiv+171 pp., ISBN 9780230230101 (hbk), (£50.00), ISBN 9780230230118 (pbk), (£17.99) Thomas Linehan's Modernism and British Socialism is part o
Governing Post-War Britain: The Paradoxes of Progress, 1951–1973
Wendy Ugolini, Experiencing War as the ‘Enemy Other’: Italian Scottish Experience in World War II
Arctic skinheads
The soundtrack of neo-fascism: Youth and music in the National Front
Shaffer examines youth involvement in the National Front and the development of neo-fascist music as a conduit for its ideas. Using rare publications and interviews with National Front members, he argues that youth had a profound impact on post-war British fascism by influencing fascist ideology and tactics. Following challenges from the Anti-Nazi League and Rock Against Racism, the National Front started its own youth outreach programmes that re…
Christoph Zürcher, Carrie Manning, Kristie D. Evenson, Rachel Hayman, Sarah Riese, and Nora Roehner: Costly Democracy: Peacebuilding and Democratization After War
Baltic Facades: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Since 1945
The Limits of Electoral Reform
Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan examine common features of electoral reform and look at why reform consistently falls short of the promised changes. They seek not only to understand elite self-intere
Dhana Hughes. Violence, Torture and Memory in Sri Lanka: Life After Terror
Dhana Hughes engages in ethnographic research by interviewing former insurgents and former counter-insurgency officers in Sri Lanka. She explores the memory of violence surrounding the Terror (Bhee
Postwar Anti-Racism: The United States, Unesco, and 'Race', 1945-1968, by Anthony Q. Hazard Jr
This book examines the United States government’s international campaign against classical racism as it faced growing criticism over its own race-relation problems. Specifically, Anthony Q. Hazard Jr. looks at the connections between the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the US government, arguing that UNESCO served as ‘a primary site of the international articulation and practice of anti-racism in the …
Unraveling India's Foreign Intelligence: The Origins and Evolution of the Research and Analysis Wing
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRyan ShafferDr. Ryan Shaffer is a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Global Studies at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. A graduate of the California State University at Chico with a B.A. in Philosophy, he received his M.A. in History from the California State University at Fullerton, and a Masters of Philosophy and a Ph.D. in History from the State University of New York at Stony Br…
Edwardian England and the Idea of Racial Decline: An Empire's Future
Christopher Prior's study revisits the concept of racial decline in Edwardian England by analysing a range of newspapers, personal diaries and government reports. In an era with rising interest in
Pakistani party families
How Labour Governments Fall: From Ramsay MacDonald to Gordon Brown, ed. Timothy Heppell and Kevin Theakston
This anthology looks at the factors which have contributed to the fall of Labour governments and draws out general features across the different eras that shaped the Labour Party’s electoral defeats from 1924 to 2010. Pushing beyond economic analysis, Timothy Heppell and Kevin Theakston argue ‘that parties lose office for more complex reasons than simply the performance of the economy’ (p. 3). The chapters take a historical approach and explore t…
Fountainhead of Jihad: The Haqqani Nexus, 1973-2012
The Haqqani network has survived for nearly forty years in an extremely volatile region of the world, and it has done so primarily through a careful balancing act that has kept it at the center of
The Terrorism, Ideology, and Transformations of Al-Qaeda
Bill Ardolino. Fallujah Awakens: Marines, Sheikhs, and the Battle Against Al-Qaeda. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2013. 320 pp., $36.95 hardcover. ISBN: 978-1612511283.Ian Cram. Terror and
Unconventional Views of Terrorism: Culture, Objectives, and the Future
Christopher Coker. Warrior Geeks: How 21st Century Technology is Changing the Way We Fight and Think About War. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. 384 pp., $37.50 hardcover. ISBN: 019932789
Counter-Terrorism Intelligence, Policy and Theory Since 9/11
Rohan Gunaratna, Jolene Jerard, and Lawrence Rubin (Eds.). Terrorist Rehabilitation and Counter-Radicalisation: New Approaches to Counter-Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2011. 176 pp., $150.00 hard
Political science (74 works) · Law (64 works) · Sociology (51 works) · Politics (39 works) · Law (36 works) · History (27 works) · Political economy (27 works) · Terrorism (20 works) · Computer Science (19 works) · Criminology (17 works)