Walter G Stephan
Biographic Data
| ID | 104937 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Walter G Stephan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Walter G |
| FAMILY NAME | Stephan |
| SIGNATURE | STEPHAN W G |
| AFFILIATIONS | New Mexico State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 67 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1305 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 67 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Intergroup Relations
This book focuses on the stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory behavior of individuals and the manner in which these cognitions, feelings, and behaviors affect others and are affected by them, concentrating in relations among individuals as they are affected by their own group memberships.
The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice
The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice aims to answer the questions: why is prejudice so persistent? How does it affect people exposed to it? And what can we do about it? Providing a comprehensive examination of prejudice from its evolutionary beginnings and environmental influences through to its manifestations and consequences, this handbook is an essential resource for scholars and students who are passionate about understanding…
Interpersonal Trust in Ecuador, the United States, and Zimbabwe
This study examined the patterns of variables that predict interpersonal trust in three distinct countries. Findings indicated that interpersonal trust is highest in the United States, followed by Ecuador and Zimbabwe. A similar ordering occurred with perceptions of social cohesion, whereas the reverse order occurred for perceptions of competition for scarce resources. Path analyses indicated that perceptions of social cohesion positively predict…
Intergroup Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Practice
This article reviews studies of intergroup anxiety and places them in the context of a theoretical model that specifies categories of antecedents and consequences of intergroup anxiety. It is proposed that intergroup anxiety is comprised of three interrelated components: an affective component, a cognitive component, and a physiological component. The potential causes of intergroup anxiety include personality traits (e.g., social dominance orient…
Designing intercultural education and training programs: An evidence-based approach
The Role of Threat in Intergroup Relations
Viewing Intergroup Relations in Europe through Allport's Lens Model of Prejudice
This article employs Allport's (1954) lens model of the causes of prejudice to analyze the articles in this issue of the Journal of Social Issues . The lens model specifies that historical, socio cultural, personality, and situational factors contribute to prejudice. The articles in this issue examine a number of variables at each of these levels of analysis, and many employ multilevel designs in which variables at more than one level are examine…
The acceptability of lies: A comparison of Ecuadorians and Euro-Americans
Bridging the Researcher‐Practitioner Divide in Intergroup Relations
Editors' introduction: Walter Stephan's interest in intergroup relations grew from his early involvement in intercultural relations. He spent substantial time in Latin America as well as Vietnam during his college years. These experiences influenced his choice to study social psychology at the University of Minnesota. His first foray into intergroup relations came with his move to Austin, Texas, in 1971. A Court mandate ordered schools to be dese…
Reverence for Mothers in Ecuadorian and Euro-American Culture
Two studies examine differences between Ecuadorians and Euro-Americans in levels of reverence for their mothers. Data collected from college students in Ecuador and the United States show that Ecuadorians display higher levels of mother reverence than Euro-Americans. Ecuadorians also score higher on measures of maternal power, similarity of mothers to the cultural ideal of women, and uncertainty avoidance. However, levels of independence are sign…
The effects of feeling threatened on attitudes toward immigrants
Introduction to Improving Arab‐Jewish Relations in Israel: Theory and Practice in Coexistence Educational Programs
Israeli Jewish and Arab experts within Israel have developed innovative intergroup relations programs, educational efforts designed to improve relations between Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs. Social scientists, educators, and practitioners on both sides of the Arab‐Jewish conflict have dedicated themselves to lessening the hostility between these two groups within Israel through coexistence educational training. This issue presents theory, metho…
The Role of Threats in the Racial Attitudes of Blacks and Whites
This study employed the integrated threat theory of intergroup attitudes to examine the attitudes of Black and White students toward the other racial group. This theory synthesizes previous research on the relationships of threats to intergroup attitudes. Structural equation modeling revealed that for both racial groups, realistic threats, symbolic threats, and intergroup anxiety predicted attitudes toward the other group. To varying degrees, the…
White fears and native apprehensions: An integrated threat theory approach to intergroup attitudes.
Motivational and cognitive factors have been used to explain negative attitudes toward out-group members. According to the integrated threat theory of prejudice, negative intergroup attitudes are predicted by proximal factors consisting of perceived threats from out-group members; these threats, in turn, are predicted by distal factors such as perceived differences in group status or negative out-group contact. In the present study, White and Fir…
Improving Intergroup Relations
This book is intended both as supplementary reading for courses and as a practical guidebook for individuals and programmes interested in reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations. It provides the only comprehensive review and compilation of techniques for roving intergroup relations
Memory for Cultural Information about Russia and the United States: Effects of Nationality and Mood
This study examines the processing of information about culture by Russians and Americans. The participants were induced into either a positive or a negative mood; read identical favorable, unfavorable, and neutral information about Russia or the United States; and completed a recognition task containing both statements they had read and statements they had not read. There was evidence of a bias toward greater recognition of unfavorable cultural …
Improving Intergroup Relations: The Effects of Empathy on Racial Attitudes 1
Prior research indicates that information‐based intergroup relations programs are only moderately successful (MGregor, 1993; Stephan & Stephan, 1984). In order to explore a means of increasing the effectiveness of techniques used to change attitudes toward out groups, the current study examined the effects of giving Anglo American students information about everyday incidents of discrimination against African Americans either with or without empa…
Women's Attitudes Toward Men: An Integrated Threat Theory Approach
Three studies were conducted to measure the antecedents of women's attitudes toward men using the integrated threat model. Four types of threats were hypothesized to produce negative attitudes toward men: (1) realistic threat based on threats to women's political and economic power, (2) symbolic threat based on value differences, (3) intergroup anxiety experienced during social interaction with outgroup members, and (4) negative stereotypes of me…
The measurement of racial and ethnic identity
Reducing Prejudice and Stereotyping in Schools
Reducing Prejudice and Stereotyping in Schools, by Walter Stephan. New York: Teachers College Press, 1999. 143 pp. $22.95, paper. Reviewed by Lauri Johnson, The State University of New York at Buffalo. I was riding the subway to work recently while reading Reducing Prejudice and Stereotyping in Schools, a title in James A. Banks' Multicultural Education series. Staring at the title of the book, a young White woman in her thirties sitting across f…
Integrated Threat Theory and Intercultural Attitudes: Mexico and the United States
In this study, the integrated threat theory of prejudice was employed to examine Americans' and Mexicans' attitudes toward one another. According to the theory, four types of threat (realistic, symbolic, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes) cause prejudice. These threats are thought to be caused in part by the amount and quality of intergroup contact. The results of two path analyses indicated that all four threats were significant predi…
Prejudice Toward Immigrants 1
In the present study, 4 variables (realistic threats, symbolic threats, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes) were used to predict prejudice toward immigrants from Cuba, Mexico, and Asia in samples of students from states in the United States that are affected by immigration from these areas (Florida, New Mexico, and Hawaii, respectively). All 4 variables were significant (or marginally significant) predictors of attitudes toward these im…
Anxiety in intergroup relations: A comparison of anxiety/uncertainty management theory and integrated threat theory
The Role of Empathy in Improving Intergroup Relations
This article analyzes the role that empathy can play in improving intergroup relations. Three types of empathy are defined: cognitive empathy and twotypes of emotional empathy, reactive and parallel. Research indicating that empathy causes prosocial behavior is reviewed, along with studies indicating that training can be used to increase levels of empathic skills. Intergroup relations programs that employ empathy are also reviewed. Studies of the…
Beliefs in Conspiracies
This study used canonical correlation to examine the relationship of 11 individual difference variables to two measures of beliefs in conspiracies. Undergraduates were administered a questionnaire that included these two measures (beliefs in specific conspiracies and attitudes toward the existence of conspiracies) and scales assessing the 11 variables. High levels of anomie, authoritarianism, and powerlessness, along with a low level of self‐este…
Intergroup Anxiety
A model is presented that traces the origins of the anxiety people experience when interacting with outgroup members to fear of negative psychological or behavioral consequences for the self and fear of negative evaluations by ingroup or outgroup members. Prior relations between the groups, intergroup cognitions, the structure of the situation, and personal experience are hypothesized to determine the amount of anxiety that participants in interg…
Beliefs in Conspiracies
This study used canonical correlation to examine the relationship of 11 individual difference variables to two measures of beliefs in conspiracies. Undergraduates were administered a questionnaire that included these two measures (beliefs in specific conspiracies and attitudes toward the existence of conspiracies) and scales assessing the 11 variables. High levels of anomie, authoritarianism, and powerlessness, along with a low level of self‐este…
Prejudice toward Immigrants to Spain and Israel: An Integrated Threat Theory Analysis
An integrated threat theory composed of four variables was used to predict attitudes toward immigrant groups in Spain and Israel. The four threats are symbolic threats based on value differences between groups; realistic threats to the power, resources, and well-being of the in-group; anxiety concerning social interaction with out-group members; and feelings of threat arising from negative stereotypes of the out-group. All four threats were signi…
The effects of feeling threatened on attitudes toward immigrants
Predicting prejudice
The Role of Empathy in Improving Intergroup Relations
This article analyzes the role that empathy can play in improving intergroup relations. Three types of empathy are defined: cognitive empathy and twotypes of emotional empathy, reactive and parallel. Research indicating that empathy causes prosocial behavior is reviewed, along with studies indicating that training can be used to increase levels of empathic skills. Intergroup relations programs that employ empathy are also reviewed. Studies of the…
Integrated Threat Theory and Intercultural Attitudes: Mexico and the United States
In this study, the integrated threat theory of prejudice was employed to examine Americans' and Mexicans' attitudes toward one another. According to the theory, four types of threat (realistic, symbolic, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes) cause prejudice. These threats are thought to be caused in part by the amount and quality of intergroup contact. The results of two path analyses indicated that all four threats were significant predi…
Anxiety in intergroup relations: A comparison of anxiety/uncertainty management theory and integrated threat theory
The measurement of racial and ethnic identity
Women's Attitudes Toward Men: An Integrated Threat Theory Approach
Three studies were conducted to measure the antecedents of women's attitudes toward men using the integrated threat model. Four types of threats were hypothesized to produce negative attitudes toward men: (1) realistic threat based on threats to women's political and economic power, (2) symbolic threat based on value differences, (3) intergroup anxiety experienced during social interaction with outgroup members, and (4) negative stereotypes of me…
School desegregation: An evaluation of predictions made in Brown v. Board of Education
Egotism and attribution
Egotism is defined as the tendency to make attributions that put oneself in the best possible light, for example, the attribution of good outcomes to one's skill rather than to luck. An experiment was designed to demonstrate egotism. To rule out alternative explanations, the experiment compared the attributions of actors and observers for both good and bad outcomes. Theoretical considerations suggested that egotism might be especially likely at t…
Reducing intercultural anxiety through intercultural contact
Preferred Styles of Conflict Resolution: Mexico and the United States
This study examined cultural differences in preferences for conflict resolution styles using the dual-concern model. It was found that students in a collectivistic culture (Mexico) preferred conflict resolution styles that emphasized concern for the outcomes of others (accommodation and collaboration) to a greater degree than did students from an individualistic culture (United States). Consistent with this greater display of concern for others, …
Antecedents of intergroup anxiety in Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans
After Intermarriage: Ethnic Identity among Mixed-Heritage Japanese-Americans and Hispanics
Measuring Stereotypes: A Comparison of Methods Using Russian and American Samples
Walter G. Stephan, Vladimir Ageyev, Cookie White Stephan, Marina Abalakina, Tatyana Stefanenko, Lisa Coates-Shrider, Measuring Stereotypes: A Comparison of Methods Using Russian and American Samples, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1993), pp. 54-64
Emotional Expression in Costa Rica and the United States
This study examined three hypotheses concerning differences between collectivistic and individualistic-cultures using samples from Costa Rica and the United States. The first hypothesis was that people in individualistic cultures would express emotions affirming independent self-conceptions, whereas people in collectivistic cultures would express emotions affirming interdependent self-conceptions. The first part of this hypothesis was confirmed, …
Preferences for styles of negotiation: A comparison of Brazil and the U.S
Intermarriage: Effects on Personality, Adjustment, and Intergroup Relations in Two Samples of Students
Intergroup Contact: Introduction
Effects of desegregation on racial attitudes
Misanthropic person memory
Three experiments examined memory for behaviors associated with attributional information. A baseline stablished in Experiment 1, using behaviors unaccompanied by attributions, indicated that expectancy-inconsistent behaviors were better ecalled than consistent ones. Experiment 2 linked these same behaviors to dispositional orsituational ttributions. After reconceptualizing the results, it was shown that negative dispositionally attributed behavi…
Affect as a mediator of attributional egotism
Emotional Expression in Japan and the United States: The Nonmonolithic Nature of Individualism and Collectivism
In this study, the impact of individualism-collectivism at the cultural and individual level on the expression of emotion in Japan and the United States was examined. Individualism-collectivism expectations at the cultural level were partially supported, and only weak effects of individualism-collectivism at the individual level were found. The data are consistent with socialization into individualistic and collectivistic values as well as the le…
Sexual arousal and heterosexual perception
It has been theorized that high drive initiates an autistic perceptual process operating in the direction of drive gratification. In the present study, it was hypothesized that (a) under conditions of high drive, perceptual distortion of drive-relevant objects occurs principally along drive-relevant dimensions; (b) the direction of distortion is toward enhancement of the object's potential for drive satisfaction; (c) the degree of accessibility o…
Role differentiation, empathy, and neurosis in urban migrants and lower-class residents of Santiago, Chile
Survival: Black/White.Florence Halpern
Actor vs observer: Attributions to behavior with positive or negative outcomes and empathy for the other role
Effects of Direct or Displaced Cathartic Aggression on Subsequent Aggression
The effect of an initial opportunity for aggression upon subsequent aggression was tested with 42 male undergraduates. All those in the experimental groups received both a direct and displaced target. The order of the two targets was counterbalanced. Half the subjects knew they would have two targets, while half thought they would have only one. In two other control groups, subjects waited for 5 min. before receiving either a direct or displaced …
Effects of moral justifications and moral reasoning on altruism
Egotism and attribution
Egotism is defined as the tendency to make attributions that put oneself in the best possible light, for example, the attribution of good outcomes to one's skill rather than to luck. An experiment was designed to demonstrate egotism. To rule out alternative explanations, the experiment compared the attributions of actors and observers for both good and bad outcomes. Theoretical considerations suggested that egotism might be especially likely at t…
Egotism in males and females
Sex differences in attributions for the performance of women of a masculine task
Cognitive Differentiation in Intergroup Perception
Sex differences in attributions for sex-typed tasks1
Recent studies have indicated that males make more egotistical attributions than females, that is, males make more internal attributions for success and more external attributions for failure than females do. These sex differences in attributions were examined in terms of male/female differences in expectancies for success and ego-involvement in the tasks. Male and female subjects succeeded or failed on a masculine or a feminine task. It was foun…
Effects of desegregation on racial attitudes
School desegregation: An evaluation of predictions made in Brown v. Board of Education
Playing hard-to-get: A two-determinant model
Attributions for Achievement: Egotism vs. Expectancy Confirmation
Walter G. Stephan, William M. Bernstein, Cookie Stephan, Mark H. Davis, Attributions for Achievement: Egotism vs. Expectancy Confirmation, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Mar., 1979), pp. 5-17
Explaining attributions for achievement: A path analytic approach
Reactions to stigmatized others: Response amplification vs sympathy
Attributional Modesty in Women
Three experiments were conducted to test a two-factor model of the determinants of attributional modesty in women. Women tended to make modest attributions for success when they were concerned about how others would evaluate them and when they were concerned about their own self-image. Specifically, the knowledge that one's attributions would be public and the anticipation of future performance on similar tasks led to modesty. Self-derogatory att…
Attributional Modesty in Women
Three experiments were conducted to test a two-factor model of the determinants of attributional modesty in women. Women tended to make modest attributions for success when they were concerned about how others would evaluate them and when they were concerned about their own self-image. Specifically, the knowledge that one's attributions would be public and the anticipation of future performance on similar tasks led to modesty. Self-derogatory att…
Affect as a mediator of attributional egotism
School Desegregation: Past, Present, and Future
Affect as a determinant of egotism: Residual excitation and performance attributions
An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of outcome-related affect on subsequent causal attributions. After working on a social skills test, college students engaged in a physical exercise task. The students were given success or failure feedback on the social skills test either 1, 5, or 9 minutes after the exercise. Excitation transfer theory suggests that the residual arousal from the exercise in the 5-minute condition may eleva…
The Role of Ignorance in Intergroup Relations
Intergroup Contact: Introduction
Intergroup Anxiety
A model is presented that traces the origins of the anxiety people experience when interacting with outgroup members to fear of negative psychological or behavioral consequences for the self and fear of negative evaluations by ingroup or outgroup members. Prior relations between the groups, intergroup cognitions, the structure of the situation, and personal experience are hypothesized to determine the amount of anxiety that participants in interg…
Psychology (63 works) · Social Psychology (54 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (42 works) · Social Psychology (40 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (28 works) · Developmental psychology (22 works) · Political science (19 works) · Sociology (17 works) · Anxiety (14 works) · Attribution (13 works)