Philip Martins
Biographic Data
| ID | 104999 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Philip Martins |
| GIVEN NAMES | Philip |
| FAMILY NAME | Martins |
| SIGNATURE | MARTINS P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Davis |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8456-9725 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 155 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 332 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 155 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1967 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Building relationships of trust? The experiences of military veterans claiming ‘interface first’ Universal Credit
Trust is a central consideration when understanding the administration of social security benefits and interactions between the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) and claimants, which is increasingly digitalised. While this can have administrative advantages for the DWP and some claimants, less is known about how this digital shift impacts on the relationship between the DWP and claimants within the context of the DWP’s commitments to restore…
Farm Guest Workers: US Experience
The US was one of the first countries to develop farm guest worker programs with Bracero programs during WWI and WWII outside regular immigration laws, followed by the H‐2(A) farm guest worker programme included in immigration law in the 1950s. The US tried to legalise the farm workforce in the mid‐1980s, but wound up spreading unauthorized workers throughout US agriculture and the nonfarm economy. Fewer unauthorized farm workers arrived after th…
Covid and US Farm Labor
Many governments closed their borders in spring 2020 to prevent the spread of Covid, but they also made exceptions to allow farm employers to recruit temporary foreign workers to fill seasonal farm jobs. The pandemic changed many parameters of food systems. Closed restaurants led to widespread layoffs in leisure and hospitality, rates of Covid were high among nonfarm food processing and meatpacking workers, and there was less Covid than expected …
President Trump and Migration at 3
Candidate Trump made reducing unauthorized migration a central theme of his campaign in 2015 and 2016 (Martin, 2017a). Soon after taking office, Trump issued executive orders that instructed the Department of Homeland Security to build a wall on the Mexico-US border, increase deportations, and reduce refugee admissions (Martin, 2017b). Immigration systems are like supertankers, hard to turn around quickly, but President Trump has in three years d…
Labour Market Realism and the Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees
The Global Compacts on Migration (GCM) and Refugees (GCR) include policy recommendations that aim to increase opportunities for legal labour migration, improve protections for migrant workers, and provide refugees with ‘complementary pathways’ to enhanced protection via labour mobility. This paper explains why there are large gaps between these policy recommendations and the labour market policies and realities in the countries that host most of …
The GCM and temporary labor migration
East Asian men: Masculinity, Sexuality and Desire
East Asian Men focuses on men’s practices, situations and depictions in China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Presented in three parts, the book explores the ways by which men come to oc
Managing Labor Migration in the Twenty-First Century
Why have ninety million workers around the globe left their homes for employment in other countries? What can be done to ensure that international labor migration is a force for global betterment? This groundbreaking book presents the most comprehensive analysis of the causes and effects of labor migration available, and it recommends sensible, sustainable migration policies that are fair to migrants and to the countries that open their doors to …
Migration Costs of Returning Workers
This chapter analyzes data on what workers—interviewed as they returned from jobs in Gulf Cooperation Council countries—paid several years earlier at home to get their jobs. The most important finding is the big difference in cost by corridor. The gap between the highest and lowest cost corridor was 9 to 1, reflecting the average $4,400 paid by Pakistanis returning from Saudia Arabia versus the $500 paid by Filipinos returning from Qatar. Earning…
Prologue
Mohammed, a 30-year-old Pakistani farmer with a primary school education, paid $4,000 to get a construction job in Saudi Arabia that paid $400 a month. Mohammed did not have the $4,000 to buy a work visa and pay agent fees and transportation costs, so he mortgaged his land, hoping to repay the loan with some of the $9,600 he expected to earn in Saudi Arabia over two years. With uncertain Pakistani earnings of $100 a month and a wife and four chil…
International Labor Migration
Migration is the exception rather than the rule, but international labor migration is likely to increase because of persisting demographic and economic inequalities at a time when revolutions in communications, transportation, and rights make it ever easier to learn about opportunities abroad, move to them, and stay abroad. When faced with migration crises, the default management tool of governments involves adjusting the rights of migrants, prom…
Employers, Recruiters, and Workers
Low-skilled migrant workers often pay high fees to work abroad, which reduces the remittances they can send to their families and is regressive because low-skilled workers pay more than high-skilled workers. No one knows exactly how much workers pay, justifying more data on this in order to reduce worker-paid costs. Media exposés of workers who paid a year’s foreign earnings to get a two-year contract may leave the impression that all workers pay…
Migration Costs in Destinations
This chapter fills a data void by examining what workers—interviewed where they worked—paid in their countries of origin for their foreign jobs. Workers were interviewed in Korea, Kuwait, and Spain in 2014, and in Malaysia in 2015; it was found that worker-paid migration costs were less than a month’s foreign earnings in Korea and Spain, but more in Malaysia and Kuwait. There were several reasons for these cost differences, including the fact tha…
Migration and Development
There are three factors that persuade a migrant to cross borders: demand-pull in destination areas, supply-push in origin areas, and network factors that connect them. On the basis of this demand-pull, supply-push, and network framework, a distinction can be made between economic migrants who are encouraged to migrate because of a demand for their labor abroad and noneconomic migrants who cross national borders to seek refuge or to join family me…
Merchants of Labor: Recruiters and International Labor Migration
Merchants of labor are the intermediary recruiters between workers in one country and employers in another. They have a checkered history, often associated with trickery or coercion to fill undesirable jobs, from finding soldiers in ancient Rome and sailors in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to moving low-skilled workers over borders today. Moving workers over borders is a big business, generating at least $10 billion a year from 10 milli…
Election of Donald Trump and Migration
Donald Trump campaigned on seven major issues, two of which involved migration, viz, have the US build and Mexico pay for a wall on the 2,000 mile Mexico-US border and deport the 11 million unauthorized foreigners in the US. Trump also promised to reverse President Obama’s executive orders that provide temporary legal status to some unauthorized foreigners, and to “put American workers first” in migration policy making. After winning the November…
President Trump and US Migration after 100 Days
President Trump issued four executive orders dealing with immigration since taking office January 20, 2017, setting in motion plans to build a wall on the 2,000 mile Mexico-US border, increase deportations, reduce refugee admissions, and protect US workers. These executive orders signaled a new era in migration policy that emphasize enforcement against unauthorized foreigners and protections for US workers, but their major effect so far is a chan…
A new era for labour migration in the GCC
The six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), are among the most dependent on foreign workers to fill private-sector jobs. A combination of lower oil prices and rapid native labour force growth has given new impetus to efforts to diversify GCC economies away from oil and encourage natives to fill private sector jobs. This article summarizes the current status of f…
Immigration Policy and Agriculture: Possible Directions for the Future
Presidential candidate Trump in 2016 promised to prevent unauthorized migration and deport unauthorized foreigners in the United States, and President Trump issued executive orders after taking office in January 2017 that could lead to a 2,000-mile wall on the Mexico-US border and the removal of many of the 11 million unauthorized foreigners, including one million who work in US agriculture. This paper emphasizes that, especially agriculture in t…
Immigration Policy and Agriculture: Possible Directions for the Future
Presidential candidate Trump in 2016 promised to prevent unauthorized migration and deport unauthorized foreigners in the United States, and President Trump issued executive orders after taking off
The impression of power - memory, affect and ambivalent masculinities in Vietnam
This article reflects on the ways young urban Vietnamese men remember their imaginings while growing up about cultural scripts of masculinity and femininity, the ways such memories contrast with how they feel about their everyday relationships with women and other men, and how those feelings change. In so doing the article draws attention to the practical role(s) that affectivity and ambivalence play in signifying and mystifying for young Vietnam…
Whither US Immigration
The US is the nation of immigration, with almost 20 percent of the world’s international migrants and half of the unauthorized migrants in industrial countries. Debates over the best package of enforcement, legalization, and guest workers to deal with illegal migration continue to divide Americans and Congress. These differences were sharpened in the run-up to elections in November 2016
Europe’s Migration Crisis: An American Perspective
The European Union’s 28 member nations received over 1.2 million asylum seekers in 2015, including 1.1 million in Germany[1] and over 150,000 in Sweden. The US, by comparison, has been receiving 75,000 asylum applications a year. One reason for the upsurge in asylum applicants is that German Chancellor Angela Merkel in August 2015 announced that Syrians could apply for asylum in Germany even if they passed through safe countries en route. The cha…
Immigration to the U nited S tates
Most Americans have been dissatisfied with US immigration policies since the mid‐1990s due to sometimes long waits for immigrant visas and the presence of almost twelve million unauthorized foreigners among the forty‐two million foreign‐born US residents in 2012. Some believe that the United States, which accepts over a million immigrants and several hundred thousand temporary foreign workers a year, is not getting enough highly skilled immigrant…
International Labor Migration in the Pacific Rim
Asia included 60 percent of the world’s people but less than 30 percent of the world’s international migrants in 2010. The major migrant-receiving countries represent migration extremes. Japan has very few migrant workers, while Gulf oil-exporting countries rely on migrants to fill over 90 percent of private sector jobs. Singapore is most similar to non-Asian industrial countries, welcoming skilled foreigners to settle but rotating low-skilled fo…
Numbers vs. Rights: Trade-Offs and Guest Worker Programs
This paper examines the relationship between the number and rights of low-skilled migrant workers in high-income countries. It identifies a trade-off: Countries with large numbers of low-skilled migrant workers offer them relatively few rights, while smaller numbers of migrants are typically associated with more rights. We discuss the number-vs.-rights trade-off in theory and practice as an example of competing goods, raising the question of whet…
Recession and Migration: A New Era for Labor Migration
The current recession, the worst in a half century, is likely to affect international migration differently than past recessions. In 1973–1974 and 1981–1982, rising oil prices led to recessions in oil-importing countries and economic booms in oil-exporting countries, enabling some migrants to shift from bust to boom areas, as from Europe to the Middle East. The 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis did not spread globally, and was followed by a relati…
Guestworkers: Lessons from Western Europe
This article appraises the postwar guestworker programs in France, Switzerland, and the Federal Republic of Germany in light of the proposal that a similar program be adopted in the United States. The authors agree that these programs provided significant short-term economic benefits in meeting the labor shortages experienced in Western Europe until recently. These programs also created several serious problems, however, leading the authors to co…
High‐level Dialogue on Migration and Development
Mexican Workers and U.S. Agriculture: The Revolving Door
Western U.S. agriculture is an industry that has shaped and been shaped by a peculiar labor policy: seasonal workers were outsiders who looked to agriculture for jobs, not careers. They did not plan to remain farm workers, and the industry and community in which they worked and lived did not see them as long-term settlers. The immigration and integration policy, in effect, was to recruit new workers willing to accommodate themselves to seasonal e…
Proposition 187 in California
Philip Martin, Proposition 187 in California, The International Migration Review, Vol. 29, No. 1, Special Issue: Diversity and Comparability: International Migrants in Host Countries on Four Continents (Spring, 1995), pp. 255-263
Good Intentions Gone Awry: Irca and U.S. Agriculture
Agriculture has been the major side door and backdoor through which unskilled immigrants have entered the United States for the past half century. If the 1980s' immigration patterns continue in the 1990s, up to one-fourth of the working-aged U.S. immigrants who arrive during the decade may have their initial U.S. employment in fruit and vegetable agriculture. Immigration reform was expected to reform agriculture's revolving-door labor market. By …
Best Practices to Manage Migration: The Philippines
The Cooperative Efforts to Manage Emigration (CEME) project examines ways in which countries of origin, transit, and destination can cooperate to better manage migration. The project focuses on source countries of migration that are in transition to market economies and democratic systems of governance, developments that promise to reduce unwanted migration, and uses study visits to seek best practices for organizing the three Rs – recruitment, r…
Best Practices to Reduce Migration Pressures
Are there best practices to foster economic development, reduce population growth, and protect the environment in source countries of unauthorized migration, in a manner that reduces emigration pressures and redirects migration towards legal channels? This paper outlines cooperative actions that can be undertaken by both source and receiving countries to better manage the movements of people over national borders. There are two broad approaches t…
The Mirage of Mexican Guest Workers
passionate disagreement on both sides of the border. In the past year, new presidents have come to power in the two countries and have given priority to addressing the issue. President Vicente Fox, who refers to unauthorized Mexicans in the United States as heroes, has pledged to negotiate both a temporary labor program to bring Mexican workers legally to the United States and a large-scale regularization of status for some or all of the millions…
Proposition 187 in California
On November 8, 1994, California voters approved Proposition 187, the Save Our State (SOS) initiative, 59 to 41 percent. If implemented Propo? sition 187 would create a state-run system to verify the legal status of all persons seeking public education, health care and other public benefits, and add public education to the list of services for which unauthorized aliens are ineligible. As of March 1995, the only sections of Proposition 187 in effec…
The Laissez-Faire Approach to International Labor Migration: The Case of the Arab Middle East
Labor and Human Capital
Harvest of Confusion: Immigration Reform and California Agriculture
Managing Labor Migration in the 21st Century
Best Practice Options: Mali
Mali, a poor country that embraced democracy in 1991, is considered a democratic role model for francophone Africa. It is grappling with several migration issues, including well–established networks that move thousands of Malians abroad, often with false documents, for $2,000 to $3,000; the dependence of the Kayes region, with 1.5 million residents, on emigration, particularly the remittances sent by its workers abroad; and the migration of Mali …
Managing Migration: The Role of Economic Instruments
This paper reviews economic policies and instruments available to the developed countries to reduce unwanted migration from developing countries, not all of which is irregular migration. Countries generally welcome legal immigrants and visitors, try to make it unnecessary for people to become refugees and asylum seekers, and try to discourage, detect, and remove irregular foreigners. There are three major themes: 1. There are as many reasons for …
The missing bridge: How immigrant networks keep Americans out of dirty jobs
The Uncertain Connection: Free Trade and Rural Mexican Migration to the United States
Will a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) decrease Mexican migration to the United States, as the U.S. and Mexican governments assert, or increase migration beyond the movement that would otherwise occur, as NAFTA critics allege? This article argues that it is easy to overestimate the additional emigration from rural Mexico owing to NAFTA-related economic restructuring in Mexico. The available evidence suggests four major reasons why Mex…
Labor Shortages and U.S. Immigration Reform: Promises and Perils of an Independent Commission
Comprehensive U.S. immigration reform proposals have three major elements: improved border and workplace controls, dealing with the 11 million unauthorized foreigners in the U.S., and managing “future flows” of foreign workers requested by U.S. employers. Improved controls and dealing with unauthorized foreigners were discussed extensively in the U.S. Senate in 2006 and 2007. Future flows were not. This article reviews the decisions governments f…
Migration and Development: Mexico and Turkey
Mexico and Turkey are among the world's leading labor-sending nations, with about 11 million Mexican-born and 3.5 million Turkish-born persons abroad in 2006. After two decades of uneven growth and job creation as well as persisting poverty and inequality, there are debates within both countries asking whether economic reforms have gone far enough to put the economy on a stable footing for sustained and equitable growth, or whether emigration (pr…
Best Practices to Manage Migration: Morocco-Spain
Migration and Development: Whither the Dominican Republic and Haiti
The 10th Migration Dialogue seminar was held March 7-9, 2002 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Migration Dialogue seminars provide a setting for 40 opinion leaders from Europe and North America to learn about and discuss the major migration management issues of the twenty-first century. Seminars include day-long field trips that enable participants to observe real-world migration issues, and to discuss them with government officials, employer…
Labor Migration in Asia
Harvest of Confusion: Immigration Reform and California Agriculture
Agriculture was a major stumbling block to immigration reform, largely because Congress was unwilling to assign explicit priorities to the competing goals of protecting American workers and admitting supplemental immigrant farmworkers. This article describes the Special Agricultural Worker or SAW legalization program that generated 700,000 applications in California and the hypothetical calculations required to determine whether Replenishment Agr…
Labour Market Realism and the Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees
The Global Compacts on Migration (GCM) and Refugees (GCR) include policy recommendations that aim to increase opportunities for legal labour migration, improve protections for migrant workers, and provide refugees with ‘complementary pathways’ to enhanced protection via labour mobility. This paper explains why there are large gaps between these policy recommendations and the labour market policies and realities in the countries that host most of …
Convention Ratification of Federal Constitutional Amendments
The amending process of the Constitution of the United States, contained in Article V, consists of two stages: proposal and ratification. Each stage, in turn, offers two alternative procedures which can be interchanged to provide four means of effecting constitutional alteration. An amendment may be proposed either by Congress or by a national convention assembled upon proper application of the states; and an amendment may be ratified, as Congres…
The Application Clause of Article Five
Article Five of the United States Constitution provides that amendments may be proposed either by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress or by a national convention which can be assembled when Congress receives applications from twothirds of the state legislatures. To date Congress has proposed all twenty-five amendments to the Constitution, the application clause serving only to stimulate congressional formulation of the Seventeenth Amendme…
The Hatch Act in Court: Some Recent Developments
The quest for the political neutrality of nonelective civil servants has been a long-standing objective American history reaching back as far as the colonial period.1 Under the Constitution this policy was evidently first urged 1801 when Thomas Jefferson admonished the handful of federal employees of that time to be nonpartisan performing their work, but no serious congressional effort was made to establish a nonpolitical public service until aft…
U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations
International Labor Migration in Europe
Guestworkers: Lessons from Western Europe
This article appraises the postwar guestworker programs in France, Switzerland, and the Federal Republic of Germany in light of the proposal that a similar program be adopted in the United States. The authors agree that these programs provided significant short-term economic benefits in meeting the labor shortages experienced in Western Europe until recently. These programs also created several serious problems, however, leading the authors to co…
On the Road for Work: Migratory Workers on the East Cost of the United States
Administering Foreign-Worker Programs: Lessons from Europe
U. S. Immigration Policy: The Guestworker Option Revisited
In guestworker programs foreign nationals are admitted into another country on a nonmigrant status with severely curtailed social and limited labor market rights. The duration of stay is always finite and compliance with the terms of the contract are entered through a network of legal arrangements which allow officials in the receiving country a substantial amount of administrative discretion. Pro-guestworker arguments say that the borders cannot…
Administering Foreign-Worker Programs: Lessons from Europe
The Laissez-Faire Approach to International Labor Migration: The Case of the Arab Middle East
Labor and Human Capital
Labor Displacement and Public Policy
Chanp,e is an u1evitable part of eve r y dynamic society.Economic changes which displace labor include chan ge s in consume r preferences which r esul t in unemployment for those producin g goods no lon ger desired , technical changes, in which t he s ame product is produced with less labor, and political -economic changes , which cause labor displacement as a direct or indirect result of a conscious policy decision.Under tradition, public policy…
Labor in California agriculture
Mexicans or Tomatoes? Immigration and Imports
The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) apprehends two illegal aliens or undocumented workers each minute of every day, over 1 million annually. Some aliens are caught several times, inflating apprehension statistics, but INS officials assert that two or three evade detection for each person caught, indicating that 2 or 3 million aliens may be illegally entering the United States annually
Migrant Labor in Agriculture: An International Comparison
Migrant Labor in Agriculture: An International Comparison
The May 1984 Conference on Migrant Labor in Agriculture at the University of California-Davis discussed papers by 22 farm labor experts from 12 nations. Each industrial nation utilizes a different set of public and private policies to supply workers for labor-intensive agriculture, but none is entirely satisfactory. Labor-intensive agriculture is becoming more dependent on workers who are shut out of labor markets. Some countries have simply acce…
Studies in International Labour Migration
Vom Bauern zum Industriearbeiter: Zur Kollerktiven Lebensgeschichte der Arbeitsmigranten aus der Turkei
Agricultural Development and Emigration: Rhetoric and Reality
The untested premise of trade liberalizing U.S. development programs such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative is that commodity trade can substitute for international labor migration. Analysis of U.S. tomato producing regions in Sinaloa, Mexico and Florida suggests that the effect of trade liberalization on international labor migration is uncertain." The emphasis is on how such development projects might affect the flow of illegal migrants to the …
Agricultural Development and Emigration: Rhetoric and Reality
The untested premise of trade liberalizing U.S. development programs such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative is that commodity trade can substitute for international labor migration. Analysis of U.S. tomato producing regions in Sinaloa, Mexico and Florida suggests that the effect of trade liberalization of international labor migration is uncertain
Reply to Manning
Public Service Employment in the Rural South
Across the Fields: Fiddle Tunes and Button Accordion Melodies; Traditional Norwegian-American Melodies from Wisconsin
Activity and Regulation of Farm Labor Contractors
Harvest of Confusion: Migrant Workers in U.S. Agriculture
Political science (115 works) · Economics (113 works) · Migration and Labor Dynamics (95 works) · Business (60 works) · Law (57 works) · Immigration (52 works) · Geography (50 works) · Sociology (48 works) · Labour economics (47 works) · Law (45 works)