E Brunner
Biographic Data
| ID | 11768 |
|---|---|
| NAME | E Brunner |
| GIVEN NAMES | E |
| FAMILY NAME | Brunner |
| SIGNATURE | BRUNNER E |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0595-4474 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 85 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 383 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 85 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1934 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Policy Feedback in the United States: Evidence From Racial Violence
Do government actions, or inactions, committed decades (or centuries) ago toward a specific community influence how members of that community trust and perceive government today? Past government actions that extracted resources (a negative resource effect) and communicated an individual's place within American Society (a negative interpretative effect) may diminish trust. This paper explores this question by examining the relationship between the…
Citizen perceptions of public school efficiency: Evidence from the U.S
Improving efficiency is the basis for important public school reforms. While there has been substantial scholarship examining the relationship between actual and perceived performance, there has been very little research examining this relationship for efficiency. We use a large and representative sample of U.S. residents and data on student achievement and public school spending to examine the relationship between actual and perceived efficiency…
JUE insight: The impact of school spending on civic engagement: Evidence from school finance reforms
The impact of demographic structure on citizen perceptions of school district efficiency
Researchers have found that elderly white voters are less supportive of school spending if they reside in a community with a high concentration of non-white school children, a finding typically attributed to growing intergenerational and ethnic conflict between older and younger generations. We test whether white voters living in high minority areas are more likely to perceive their schools as being inefficient and find evidence of such racial mi…
Attachment to Government and Support for Government Debt
In this paper, we seek to improve models of support for taxes, spending and borrowing beyond income, ideology and party identification. We discuss how trust in government and willingness to pay taxes have been measured in research around the globe. We present the notion of attachment as how citizens characterize the quality of their relationship to government. We test our measure of attachment, using well-understood analogies, with a sample of ad…
The Effects of Career and Technical Education: Evidence from the Connecticut Technical High School System
We examine the effect of attending stand-alone technical high schools in Connecticut using regression discontinuity. Male students are 10 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school and have half a semester less time enrolled in college. Male students have 32% higher average quarterly earnings. Earnings effects may in part reflect general skills: male students have higher attendance rates and test scores, industry fixed effects exp…
Trends in health and health inequality during the Japanese economic stagnation: Implications for a healthy planet
Although this study was a case study of one country, Japan, and inference to other countries cannot be made with certainty, the findings provide evidence that low economic growth over two decades did not inevitably translate to unfavourable population health. Japanese health inequalities according to income were stable during the study period. Therefore, this study highlighted the possibility that for high-income countries, low economic growth ma…
Association between socioeconomic status and the development of mental and physical health conditions in adulthood: A multi-cohort study
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic disadvantage is a risk factor for many diseases. We characterised cascades of these conditions by using a data-driven approach to examine the association between socioeconomic status and temporal sequences in the development of 56 common diseases and health conditions. METHODS: In this multi-cohort study, we used data from two Finnish prospective cohort studies: the Health and Social Support study and the Finnish Public …
School Finance Reforms, Teachers' Unions, and the Allocation of School Resources
School finance reforms caused some of the most dramatic increases in intergovernmental aid from states to local governments in U.S. history. We examine whether teachers' unions affected the fraction of reform-induced state aid that passed through to local spending and the allocation of these funds. Districts with strong teachers' unions increased spending nearly dollar-for-dollar with state aid and spent the funds primarily on teacher compensatio…
Association between socioeconomic status and incident stroke in China
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on incidence of stroke in China. This study aimed to examine the association of SES, which was measured by different indicators, with incidence of stroke and gender differences in the association. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two prospective cohort studies were conducted including 2852 participants aged ≥60 years in Anhui province and 3016 participants in four other provinces in C…
Property Tax Information and Support for School Bond Referenda: Experimental Evidence
This article reports on an experiment testing whether additional information influences support for bond referenda. Respondents were randomly assigned to treatment conditions that varied the way the potential implications of property tax increases were presented to voters. The results show a persistent negative effect of tax information on the probability of support for school bond referenda across all treatments. Specifically, the results show t…
World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: Revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions
BACKGROUND: To help adapt cardiovascular disease risk prediction approaches to low-income and middle-income countries, WHO has convened an effort to develop, evaluate, and illustrate revised risk models. Here, we report the derivation, validation, and illustration of the revised WHO cardiovascular disease risk prediction charts that have been adapted to the circumstances of 21 global regions. METHODS: In this model revision initiative, we derived…
State Collective Bargaining Laws and Public-Sector Pay
Using the Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2005 to 2015 American Community Survey, the authors provide new evidence on how state collective bargaining laws affect public-sector wages. To isolate the causal effect of bargaining laws on public-sector pay, they examine wage differentials between otherwise similar public- and private-sector employees located in the same local labor market. They estimate difference-in-differences (DD) models that …
Gentrification and Failing Schools: The Unintended Consequences of School Choice under NCLB
We examine the housing market and residential mobility changes that occur soon after a Title 1 school fails to achieve adequate yearly progress (AYP) in Charlotte, North Carolina. Students within attendance zones of failing schools are given priority in lotteries for oversubscribed schools, potentially increasing the attractiveness of living in a failing school attendance zone. We find that housing prices, home buyer income, and the probability o…
The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988–2016: The role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education
Objective The present study investigates whether the reversal of the social gradient in obesity, defined as a cross-over to higher obesity prevalence among groups with lower education level, has occurred among men and women in urban and rural areas of Mexico. Design Cross-sectional series of nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016). The association between education and obesity was investigated over the period 1988–2016…
Gendered trajectories of support from close relationships from middle to late life
This study investigates gender differences in trajectories of support from close relationships among adults in the transition from middle to old age, taking into account stability and change in the identity of the closest persons. Multi-level modelling was used to estimate gendered age-trajectories in three dimensions of support: emotional support, practical support and negative encounters, which were repeatedly measured over ten years amongst 6,…
Socioeconomic inequality in recovery from poor physical and mental health in mid-life and early old age: Prospective Whitehall II cohort study
BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the influence of socioeconomic status on recovery from poor physical and mental health. METHODS: Prospective study with four consecutive periods of follow-up (1991-2011) of 7564 civil servants (2228 women) recruited while working in London. Health was measured by the Short-Form 36 questionnaire physical and mental component scores assessed at beginning and end of each of four rounds. Poor health was defined b…
Development of a novel walkability index for London, United Kingdom: Cross-sectional application to the Whitehall II Study
Walkability was associated with walking time in adults. This walkability index could help urban planners identify and design neighbourhoods in London with characteristics more supportive of walking, thereby promoting public health
Dynamic Longitudinal Associations Between Social Support and Cognitive Function: A Prospective Investigation of the Directionality of Associations
This empirical study provides some evidence for the health selection mechanism, such that cognition modified changes in social support. The hypothesized neuroprotective effect of social support was not detectable
Intergenerational conflict and the political economy of higher education funding
Association of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity With Mortality
IMPORTANCE The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity is increasing. OBJECTIVE To estimate reductions in life expectancy associated with cardiometabolic multimorbidity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Age-and sex-adjusted mortality rates and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using individual participant data from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (689 300 participants; 91 cohorts; years of baseline surveys: 1960-2007; latest morta…
Structural and functional measures of social relationships and quality of life among older adults: Does chronic disease status matter
Scaling up nutrition in fragile and conflict-affected states: The pivotal role of governance
Association of socioeconomic position with smoking and mortality: The contribution of early life circumstances in the 1946 birth cohort
BACKGROUND: A large part of the socioeconomic mortality gradient can be statistically accounted for by social patterning of adult health behaviours. However, this statistical explanation does not consider the early life origins of unhealthy behaviours and increased mortality risk. METHODS: Analysis is based on 2132 members of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development with mortality follow-up and complete data. Smoking behaviour was summar…
Health inequalities in Japan: The role of material, psychosocial, social relational and behavioural factors
Relative contribution of early life and adult socioeconomic factors to adult morbidity in the Whitehall II study
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative contribution of adult compared with early life socioeconomic status as predictors of morbidity attributable to coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic bronchitis and depression in the Whitehall II study of British civil servants. DESIGN: Prospective observational study with mean 5.3 years (range 3.7-7.6) follow up. SETTING: 20 civil service departments originally located in London. PARTICIPANTS: 6895 male …
When does cardiovascular risk start? Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and risk factors in adulthood
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare associations of childhood and adult socioeconomic position with cardiovascular risk factors measured in adulthood. To estimate the effects of adult socioeconomic position after adjustment for childhood circumstances. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey, using the relative index of inequality method to compare socioeconomic differences at different life stages. SETTING: The Whitehall II longitudinal study of men and women e…
Wider income gaps, wider waistbands? An ecological study of obesity and income inequality
Objectives: To see if obesity, deaths from diabetes, and daily calorie intake are associated with income inequality among developed countries. Design: Ecological study of 21 developed countries. Countries: Countries were eligible for inclusion if they were among the top 50 countries with the highest gross national income per capita by purchasing power parity in 2002, had a population over 3 million, and had available data on income inequality and…
Central and total obesity in middle aged men and women in relation to lifetime socioeconomic status: Evidence from a national birth cohort
Study objective: To investigate the influence of social class in childhood, young adulthood and middle age, and intergenerational mobility, on adult central and total obesity. Design: Prospective, population based, birth cohort study. Participants and Setting: 1472 men and 1563 women born in 1946 in England, Scotland, and Wales. Outcome measures: Waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index at age 53 years. Main r…
Socioeconomic differences in dietary patterns among middle-aged men and women
Dietary patterns among a national random sample of British adults
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify groups within the UK male and female population who report similar patterns of diet. DESIGN: National representative dietary survey, using seven day weighed dietary records, of men and women aged 16-64 years living in private households in Great Britain in 1986-7. Cluster analysis was used to aggregate participants into diet groups. SETTING: Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS: 1087 men and 1110 women. RESULTS: 93% of men an…
Social mobility and social accumulation across the life course in relation to adult overweight and obesity: The Whitehall II study
BACKGROUND: Social mobility (movement up or down the social hierarchy) and social accumulation (accumulating social advantage or disadvantage) across the life course have been shown to affect adult health. There is no evidence on how these processes simultaneously affect adult overweight and obesity. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis using data from phase 5 of the Whitehall II study (1997-1999), including retrospective information on past socioec…
Associations of job strain and working overtime with adverse health behaviors and obesity: Evidence from the Whitehall II Study, Helsinki Health Study, and the Japanese Civil Servants Study
Homeowners, property values, and the political economy of the school voucher
Capitalization and the Voucher: An Analysis of Precinct Returns from California's Proposition 174
Intergenerational conflict and the political economy of school spending
Health and Social Organization: Towards a Health Policy for the 21st Century
Property Tax Information and Support for School Bond Referenda: Experimental Evidence
This article reports on an experiment testing whether additional information influences support for bond referenda. Respondents were randomly assigned to treatment conditions that varied the way the potential implications of property tax increases were presented to voters. The results show a persistent negative effect of tax information on the probability of support for school bond referenda across all treatments. Specifically, the results show t…
Social Circumstances and Education: Life Course Origins of Social Inequalities in Metabolic Risk in a Prospective National Birth Cohort
Objectives. We investigated the relative importance of education and childhood and adult social class in the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods. We conducted a prospective birth cohort study of 1311 men and 1318 women aged 53 years in 1999, when metabolic syndrome components were measured. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate relative index of inequality estimates. Results. Relative to men and women at the highest education levels…
The bargaining power of teachers’ unions and the allocation of school resources
Effect of Intensity and Type of Physical Activity on Mortality: Results From the Whitehall II Cohort Study
Objectives. We examined the association of intensity and type of physical activity with mortality. Methods. We assessed the duration of physical activity by intensity level and type in 7456 men and women from the Whitehall II Study by questionnaire in 1997–1999 (mean ±SD age = 55.9 ±6.0 years) and 5 years later. All-cause mortality was assessed until April 2009. Results. A total of 317 participants died during the mean follow-up of 9.6 years (SD …
Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Functioning in Middle Age: Evidence From the Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study
Objectives. We examined the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning in middle age. Methods. Data were derived from a prospective occupational cohort study of 10308 civil servants aged 35–55 years at baseline (phase 1; 1985–1988). Physical activity level, categorized as low, medium, or high, was assessed at phases 1, 3 (1991–1994), and 5 (1997–1999). Cognitive functioning was tested at phase 5, when respondents were 46–68 y…
Free riders or easy riders: An examination of the voluntary provision of public radio
Gender differences in occupational mobility and structure of employment in the British Civil Service
Intergenerational conflict and the political economy of higher education funding
Association of socioeconomic position with smoking and mortality: The contribution of early life circumstances in the 1946 birth cohort
BACKGROUND: A large part of the socioeconomic mortality gradient can be statistically accounted for by social patterning of adult health behaviours. However, this statistical explanation does not consider the early life origins of unhealthy behaviours and increased mortality risk. METHODS: Analysis is based on 2132 members of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development with mortality follow-up and complete data. Smoking behaviour was summar…
Health inequalities in Japan: The role of material, psychosocial, social relational and behavioural factors
Tiebout choice and universal school vouchers
Behavioural and biological correlates of physical functioning in middle aged office workers: The UK whitehall II study
STUDY OBJECTIVES: (1) To identify behavioural and biological correlates of poor physical functioning and (2) to determine whether such associations are independent of disease. DESIGN: Potential correlates were obtained from questionnaires and screening visits at baseline and five year follow up. Physical functioning was measured at follow up using the 10 item scale from the short-form 36 health survey. SETTING: London offices at baseline. PARTICI…
Can dietary interventions change diet and cardiovascular risk factors? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effectiveness of dietary advice in primary prevention of chronic disease. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted of 17 randomized controlled trials of dietary behavior interventions of at least 3 months' duration. Results were analyzed as changes in reported dietary fat intakes and biomedical measures (serum cholesterol, urinary sodium, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in the intervention group minus cha…
Methods in Sociology
Capital Development in Steel. A Study of the United Steel Companies Ltd
Health inequalities among British civil servants: The Whitehall II study
Gender differences in occupational mobility and structure of employment in the British Civil Service
Fat intake: Implications of changes in distribution for setting dietary goals in the UK
STUDY OBJECTIVE--To examine (a) changes in the shape of the distribution of dietary fat intake as the mean dietary fat intake of the population shifts and (b) implications for setting national dietary goals. DESIGN--Data on the percentage of energy from total fat, saturates, monounsaturates, polyunsaturates, and the P:S ratio were analysed for two dietary intervention trials and six cross sectional dietary surveys. The nutrient distributions from…
Psychological factors in the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular morbidity
Social inequality in coronary risk: Central obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study
Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in whitehall ii (prospective cohort) study
Objective: To determine the association between adverse psychosocial characteristics at work and risk of coronary heart disease among male and female civil servants. Design: Prospective cohort study (Whitehall II study). At the baseline examination (1985-8) and twice during follow up a self report questionnaire provided information on psychosocial factors of the work environment and coronary heart disease. Independent assessments of the work envi…
Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence
Socioeconomic determinants of health: Stress and the biology of inequality
It is well established that health depends on socioeconomic circumstances, but the biology of this relation is not well described. Psychosocial factors operating throughout the life course, beginning in early life, influence a variety of biological variables. Research with non-human primates shows the effects of dominance hierarchy on biology, and similar metabolic differentials are evident in a hierarchy of white collar civil servants. The neuro…
Can dietary interventions change diet and cardiovascular risk factors? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effectiveness of dietary advice in primary prevention of chronic disease. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted of 17 randomized controlled trials of dietary behavior interventions of at least 3 months' duration. Results were analyzed as changes in reported dietary fat intakes and biomedical measures (serum cholesterol, urinary sodium, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in the intervention group minus cha…
An empirical test of neutrality and the crowding-out hypothesis
Behavioural and biological correlates of physical functioning in middle aged office workers: The UK whitehall II study
STUDY OBJECTIVES: (1) To identify behavioural and biological correlates of poor physical functioning and (2) to determine whether such associations are independent of disease. DESIGN: Potential correlates were obtained from questionnaires and screening visits at baseline and five year follow up. Physical functioning was measured at follow up using the 10 item scale from the short-form 36 health survey. SETTING: London offices at baseline. PARTICI…
Free riders or easy riders: An examination of the voluntary provision of public radio
When does cardiovascular risk start? Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and risk factors in adulthood
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare associations of childhood and adult socioeconomic position with cardiovascular risk factors measured in adulthood. To estimate the effects of adult socioeconomic position after adjustment for childhood circumstances. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey, using the relative index of inequality method to compare socioeconomic differences at different life stages. SETTING: The Whitehall II longitudinal study of men and women e…
Are risk factors for atherothrombotic disease associated with back pain sickness absence? The Whitehall II Study
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To explore the previously stated hypothesis that risk factors for atherothrombotic disease are associated with back pain. DESIGN: Prospective (mean of four years of follow up) and retrospective analyses using two main outcome measures: (a) short ( 7 days) spells of sickness absence because of back pain reported separately in men and women; (b) consistency of effect across the resulting four duration of spell and sex cells. SETTIN…
Health and Social Organization: Towards a Health Policy for the 21st Century
Blood Pressure Reactions to Acute Psychological Stress and Future Blood Pressure Status: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Men in the Whitehall II Study
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether blood pressure reactions to mental stress predicted future blood pressure and hypertension. METHODS: Blood pressure was recorded at an initial medical screening examination after which blood pressure reactions to a mental stress task were determined. A follow-up screening assessment of blood pressure and antihypertensive medication status was undertaken 10 years later. Data were available fo…
Working party 1 session: Health and nutrients
During the last 150 years life expectancy in Europe increased dramatically. The improvement was the result of public health measures such as effective sanitation and food hygiene rather than developments in medical care. The WHO MONICA Study finds that less than a third of the recent decline in coronary heart disease can be explained by therapeutic advances. However, health remains distributed unequally between and within European populations, an…
Working party 3 session: Foods and people
Objectives: The purpose is to present two case studies on promoting Physical Activity in a health care setting (France) and an educational setting
Making Public Health Nutrition relevant to evidence-based action
Public health nutrition enjoyed many breakthroughs in the 20th century – from the discovery of vitamins and the metabolic roles of some 60 macro- and micronutrients, to the effects of maternal and childhood diet on health over the life course. Moreover, the food shortages in the UK that were experienced during World War II gave the first opportunity to show that nutritional science could make a valuable contribution to public policy. However, pub…
Cost effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention strategies: A perspective on EU food based dietary guidelines
For policymakers considering strategy options for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) the distinction between effectiveness and cost effectiveness is critical. When cost limitations apply, an evaluation of cost effectiveness is essential if a rational decision is to be made. Policy changes and resource reallocation have opportunity costs, and therefore it is necessary to compare the cost of health gains achievable by means of different…
Dietary patterns among a national random sample of British adults
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify groups within the UK male and female population who report similar patterns of diet. DESIGN: National representative dietary survey, using seven day weighed dietary records, of men and women aged 16-64 years living in private households in Great Britain in 1986-7. Cluster analysis was used to aggregate participants into diet groups. SETTING: Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS: 1087 men and 1110 women. RESULTS: 93% of men an…
Relative contribution of early life and adult socioeconomic factors to adult morbidity in the Whitehall II study
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative contribution of adult compared with early life socioeconomic status as predictors of morbidity attributable to coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic bronchitis and depression in the Whitehall II study of British civil servants. DESIGN: Prospective observational study with mean 5.3 years (range 3.7-7.6) follow up. SETTING: 20 civil service departments originally located in London. PARTICIPANTS: 6895 male …
Capitalization and the Voucher: An Analysis of Precinct Returns from California's Proposition 174
Medicine (53 works) · Demography (43 works) · Psychology (33 works) · Population (31 works) · Environmental health (30 works) · Economics (29 works) · Gerontology (28 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (27 works) · Political science (26 works) · Sociology (26 works)