Alexander R Pru
Biographic Data
| ID | 1218982 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alexander R Pru |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alexander R |
| FAMILY NAME | Pru |
| SIGNATURE | PRU A R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Baylor University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0069-532X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 33 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 32 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 33 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1998 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
The impossibility of generating comparative probabilities from primitive conditional probabilities
The Workers’ Strike of 1963 at the German Excavation of Tell Chuera
A team of archaeologists from Berlin, directed by Anton Moortgat, had been conducting excavations at the important urban site of Tell Chuera in North-Eastern Syria since 1958. The heterogeneous composition of the Syrian workforce caused frequent quarrels. In October 1963, one of these conflicts escalated into a 5-day strike, during which the workers also demanded higher wages. After local police were called in by the archaeologists, the strike wa…
Strict dominance and symmetry
The dialectics of accuracy arguments for probabilism
Accuracy, probabilism and Bayesian update in infinite domains
Human Beings Among the Beasts
In this article, we develop and defend a new argument for animalism – the thesis that we human persons are human animals. The argument takes this rough form: since our pets are animals, we are too. We'll begin with remarks on animalism and its rivals, develop our main argument, and then defend it against a few replies
Skepticism and the principle of sufficient reason
The Principle of Sufficient Reason must be justified dialectically: by showing the disastrous consequences of denying it. We formulate a version of the Principle that is restricted to basic natural facts, which entails the obtaining of at least one supernatural fact. Denying this principle results in extreme empirical skepticism. We consider six current theories of empirical knowledge, showing that on each account we cannot know that we have empi…
Avoiding Dutch Books despite inconsistent credences
A classical way forward for the regularity and normalization problems
Non-classical probabilities invariant under symmetries
Underdetermination of infinitesimal probabilities
Buchbesprechung
Explaining counterfactuals of freedom
Counterfactuals of creaturely freedom (CCFs) are notoriously puzzling. One puzzle has to do with truth-making: we wonder how any CCFs could be true prior to the existence of all creatures. Another, less addressed puzzle has to do with truth-explaining: what antecedent conditions or facts might explain a given CCF? The usual answer to the ‘explanation’ question is that true CCFs are brute: nothing explains them. We motivate an alternative answer b…
Regular probability comparisons imply the Banach–Tarski Paradox
Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries
Probability, Regularity, and Cardinality
Regularity is the thesis that all contingent propositions should be assigned probabilities strictly between zero and one. I will prove on cardinality grounds that if the domain is large enough, a regular probability assignment is impossible, even if we expand the range of values that probabilities can take, including, for instance, hyperreal values, and significantly weaken the axioms of probability
Understanding omnipotence
An omnipotent being would be a being whose power was unlimited. The power of human beings is limited in two distinct ways: we are limited with respect to our freedom of will, and we are limited in our ability to execute what we have willed. These two distinct sources of limitation suggest a simple definition of omnipotence: an omnipotent being is one that has both perfect freedom of will and perfect efficacy of will. In this article we further ex…
From restricted to full omniscience
Some, notably Peter van Inwagen, in order to avoid problems with free will and omniscience, replace the condition that an omniscient being knows all true propositions with a version of the apparently weaker condition that an omniscient being knows all knowable true propositions. I shall show that the apparently weaker condition, when conjoined with uncontroversial claims and the logical closure of an omniscient being's knowledge, still yields the…
The ontological argument and the motivational centres of lives
Assuming S5, the main controversial premise in modal ontological arguments is the possibility premise, such as that possibly a maximally great being exists. I shall offer a new way of arguing that the possibility premise is probably true
The principle of sufficient reason
The Eucharist
A Gödelian ontological argument improved
Gödel's ontological argument is a formal argument for a being defined in terms of the concept of a positive property. I shall defend several versions of Gödel's argument, using weaker premises than Anderson's (1990) version, and avoiding Oppy's (1996 and 2000) parody refutations
The essential divine-perfection objection to the free-will defence
The free-will defence (FWD) holds that the value of significant free will is so great that God is justified in creating significantly free creatures even if there is a risk or certainty that these creatures will sin. A difficulty for the FWD, developed carefully by Quentin Smith, is that God is unable to do evil, and yet surely lacks no genuinely valuable kind of freedom. Smith argues that the kind of freedom that God has can be had by creatures,…
Conjunctions, Disjunctions and Lewisian Semantics for Counterfactuals
The Principle of Sufficient Reason
The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) says that all contingent facts must have explanation. In this 2006 volume, which was the first on the topic in the English language in nearly half a century, Alexander Pruss examines the substantive philosophical issues raised by the Principle Reason. Discussing various forms of the PSR and selected historical episodes, from Parmenides, Leibnez, and Hume, Pruss defends the claim that every true contingent …
Probability, Regularity, and Cardinality
Regularity is the thesis that all contingent propositions should be assigned probabilities strictly between zero and one. I will prove on cardinality grounds that if the domain is large enough, a regular probability assignment is impossible, even if we expand the range of values that probabilities can take, including, for instance, hyperreal values, and significantly weaken the axioms of probability
Accuracy, probabilism and Bayesian update in infinite domains
Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries
Avoiding Dutch Books despite inconsistent credences
Non-classical probabilities invariant under symmetries
Underdetermination of infinitesimal probabilities
Regular probability comparisons imply the Banach–Tarski Paradox
The Hume-Edwards Principle and the Cosmological Argument
The dialectics of accuracy arguments for probabilism
The Hume-Edwards Principle and the Cosmological Argument
Lying and Speaking Your Interlocutor’s Language
The Thomist 63 (1999): 439-53 LYING AND SPEAKING YOUR INTERLOCUTOR'S LANGUAGE1 ALEXANDER R. PRUSS University ofPittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania INTRODUCTION GIVEN ITS CONSTANT preoccupation with the Church's stance on sexual issues, it is not surprising that the media have missed a controversy over lying in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. In the first English version [CCC1], the Catechism stated: Lying is the most direct offense against …
A new cosmological argument
We present a valid deductive cosmological argument for the necessary existence of a powerful and intelligent creator of the actual universe. Whereas traditional cosmological arguments had to employ a strong version of the principle of sufficient reason that held that every fact actually has an explanation, our argument can make do with the weak version of Duns Scotus according to which every fact possibly has an explanation. As a result, our argu…
The Actual and the Possible
A response to Oppy, and to Davey and Clifton
Our paper ‘A new cosmological argument’ gave an argument for the existence of God making use of the weak Principle of Sufficient Reason (W-PSR) which states that for every proposition p , if p is true, then it is possible that there is an explanation for p . Recently, Graham Oppy, as well as Kevin Davey and Rob Clifton, have criticized the argument. We reply to these criticisms. The most interesting kind of criticism in both papers alleges that t…
A new free-will defence
This paper argues that if creatures are to have significant free will, then God's essential omni-benevolence and essential omnipotence cannot logically preclude Him from creating a world containing a moral evil. The paper maintains that this traditional conclusion does not need to rest on reliance on subjunctive conditionals of free will. It can be grounded in several independent ways based on premises that many will accept
A restricted Principle of Sufficient Reason and the cosmological argument
The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) says that, necessarily, every contingently true proposition has an explanation. The PSR is the most controversial premise in the cosmological argument for the existence of God. It is likely that one reason why a number of philosophers reject the PSR is that they think there are conceptual counter-examples to it. For instance, they may think, with Peter van Inwagen, that the conjunction of all contingent pr…
Thomas Aquinas' Trinitarian Theology
The Principle of Sufficient Reason
The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) says that all contingent facts must have explanation. In this 2006 volume, which was the first on the topic in the English language in nearly half a century, Alexander Pruss examines the substantive philosophical issues raised by the Principle Reason. Discussing various forms of the PSR and selected historical episodes, from Parmenides, Leibnez, and Hume, Pruss defends the claim that every true contingent …
Conjunctions, Disjunctions and Lewisian Semantics for Counterfactuals
The essential divine-perfection objection to the free-will defence
The free-will defence (FWD) holds that the value of significant free will is so great that God is justified in creating significantly free creatures even if there is a risk or certainty that these creatures will sin. A difficulty for the FWD, developed carefully by Quentin Smith, is that God is unable to do evil, and yet surely lacks no genuinely valuable kind of freedom. Smith argues that the kind of freedom that God has can be had by creatures,…
The Eucharist
A Gödelian ontological argument improved
Gödel's ontological argument is a formal argument for a being defined in terms of the concept of a positive property. I shall defend several versions of Gödel's argument, using weaker premises than Anderson's (1990) version, and avoiding Oppy's (1996 and 2000) parody refutations
The ontological argument and the motivational centres of lives
Assuming S5, the main controversial premise in modal ontological arguments is the possibility premise, such as that possibly a maximally great being exists. I shall offer a new way of arguing that the possibility premise is probably true
The principle of sufficient reason
From restricted to full omniscience
Some, notably Peter van Inwagen, in order to avoid problems with free will and omniscience, replace the condition that an omniscient being knows all true propositions with a version of the apparently weaker condition that an omniscient being knows all knowable true propositions. I shall show that the apparently weaker condition, when conjoined with uncontroversial claims and the logical closure of an omniscient being's knowledge, still yields the…
Understanding omnipotence
An omnipotent being would be a being whose power was unlimited. The power of human beings is limited in two distinct ways: we are limited with respect to our freedom of will, and we are limited in our ability to execute what we have willed. These two distinct sources of limitation suggest a simple definition of omnipotence: an omnipotent being is one that has both perfect freedom of will and perfect efficacy of will. In this article we further ex…
Probability, Regularity, and Cardinality
Regularity is the thesis that all contingent propositions should be assigned probabilities strictly between zero and one. I will prove on cardinality grounds that if the domain is large enough, a regular probability assignment is impossible, even if we expand the range of values that probabilities can take, including, for instance, hyperreal values, and significantly weaken the axioms of probability
Explaining counterfactuals of freedom
Counterfactuals of creaturely freedom (CCFs) are notoriously puzzling. One puzzle has to do with truth-making: we wonder how any CCFs could be true prior to the existence of all creatures. Another, less addressed puzzle has to do with truth-explaining: what antecedent conditions or facts might explain a given CCF? The usual answer to the ‘explanation’ question is that true CCFs are brute: nothing explains them. We motivate an alternative answer b…
Regular probability comparisons imply the Banach–Tarski Paradox
Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries
Buchbesprechung
Human Beings Among the Beasts
In this article, we develop and defend a new argument for animalism – the thesis that we human persons are human animals. The argument takes this rough form: since our pets are animals, we are too. We'll begin with remarks on animalism and its rivals, develop our main argument, and then defend it against a few replies
Skepticism and the principle of sufficient reason
The Principle of Sufficient Reason must be justified dialectically: by showing the disastrous consequences of denying it. We formulate a version of the Principle that is restricted to basic natural facts, which entails the obtaining of at least one supernatural fact. Denying this principle results in extreme empirical skepticism. We consider six current theories of empirical knowledge, showing that on each account we cannot know that we have empi…
Avoiding Dutch Books despite inconsistent credences
Philosophy (28 works) · Epistemology (25 works) · Argument (complex analysis) (13 works) · Mathematical economics (13 works) · Mathematics (13 works) · Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics (12 works) · Philosophy and Theoretical Science (12 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Theology and Philosophy of Evil (9 works) · Metaphysics (8 works)