Raymond L Schmitt
Biographic Data
| ID | 148976 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Raymond L Schmitt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Raymond L |
| FAMILY NAME | Schmitt |
| SIGNATURE | SCHMITT R L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Illinois State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 70 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1966 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1993 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Enhancing Frame Analysis: Five Laminating Functions of Language in the 1987 NFL Strike
The introduction of “replacement teams” into the social world of NFL football during the 1987 strike stimulated a laminated language, a language that transformed traditional meanings by linking varying social definitions to one another. Emergent content analysis of extensive newspaper, sport magazine and newsmagazine, and live television and radio accounts was used to inductively study this language. Power, media, and social structure impacted on…
Devaluating Death Education through Short-Term Suicide Intervention Programs
The wisdom and results of the Shaffer et al. study [1] are challenged regarding: 1) program content, 2) length of student exposure, 3) instructor competence, and, particularly 4) the implicit conceptualization of suicide as a simplistic rather than a complex, interpretive act. Certainly to conclude, or even to imply, that the effectiveness of all educational suicide intervention efforts are doomed, or that suicide is a function of mental illness …
Strikes, Frames, And Touchdowns: The Institutional Struggle For Meaning In The 1987 National Football League Season
The introduction of 'replacement' teams for the first time in the NFL provided an opportunity to investigate how controversial social definitions and the meaning of such frames emerge within a modern social world. Seven processes were identified: disrupting social worlds, experiencing social ambiguity, interpreting disruption institutionally, socially constructing laminations, disattending problematics of laminations, culturally adapting to anoma…
Death Work: A Study of the Modern Execution Process.Robert Johnson
Constructing Aids Policy in the Public Schools: A Multimethod Case Study
A male hemophiliac, who had contracted AIDS through a contaminated blood product, enrolled as a senior student in an Illinois public high school. The disruptive reactions that had emerged in similar situations were averted. The 13 processes that were primarily responsible for the successful integration of the student into the school system are delineated, illustrated, documented, and interpreted. Four methods-inside participant observation, analy…
Bitburg and Beyond: Encounters in American, German and Jewish History
Sport-Identity as Side Bet - Towards Explaining Commitment from an Interactionist Perspective
The symbolic interactionist perspective is used to demonstrate that the substantive area of sport can be conceptually elevated to a more formal level. Becker's formulation of identity as a commitment mechanism is: ( I ) conceptually extended to include more active, diverse, and complex lines of activity, and (2) applied to sport behavior. Sport commitment appears to be an effective tool for the recasting of sport. Directives for future investigat…
The Seven-Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week
Immortalizing the Self Through Sport
The processes through which Americans seek to leave their mark through achievements in sport are explored. The postself is conceptualized as an idealized role-identity that links the present to the future and to the past. Various media forms indicate that athletes and their others frequently become concerned about how they will look to future audiences. The characteristics of the social world of sport that foster concerns about immortality as wel…
Negative and Positive Keying in Natural Contexts: Preserving the Transformation Concept from Death through Conaflation
Frame analysis has been severely criticized for its reliance on fictive and newspaper domains and its static portrayal of social behavior. Published and refereed studies, many of the participant observer vintage, are examined to investigate these charges. Conclusions include: (1) transformations are significant occurrences in Americans'daily lives, (2) societal definitions cannot be validly depicted apart from the emergent aspects of personal and…
Social Value of the Age of the Dying Patient: Systematization, Validation, and Direction
This research focuses on the influence of nurses' perceptions of the social value of the age of the dying patient on loss and voluntary interaction. Results that were generated inductively in classic studies of social value are more rigorously investigated through a standardized research design. Extraneous variables are controlled through hospital selection and measurement strategies. An inverse relationship between the age of the dying patient a…
Symbolic Immortality in Ordinary Contexts: Impediments to the Nuclear Era
Lifton's writings indicate that the fear of nuclear holocaust has severely impaired and threatens to negate the traditional modes of symbolic immortality in America. Lifton's research, however, has been limited to extreme contexts, i.e., situations involving people who have actually experienced the modern weaponry of the nuclear era. Data were triangulated in four distinctive American contexts that appeared to be representative with regard to the…
A Naturalistic Study of Interaction and Frame: "The Pet as "Family Member
In this article the authors examine the apparently contradictory concepts of "pet" and "family member" in an attempt to understand how these become translated into a consistent, sensible meaning Employing concepts from frame analysis, they illustrate how the meaning of pets is built up and maintained by framing and keying Although ostensibly about family pets, the analysis is also significant because it provides one model for applying frame analy…
"Woman" as Symbol and Social Welfare: An Interactionist Perspective
Symbolic interactionism is used to examine the variable and complex definitions now linked to the symbol "woman" in contemporary society. The implications of symbolic interactionism and the view of "woman" as symbol for social welfare are discussed in terms of knowledge, morality, and implementation
The Interactionist Perspective Some Things Hagan Didn't Tell Us
This paper is concerned with the implications of Hagan's negative assessment of the contributions of symbolic interactionism to the study of deviance. The logic of evaluating selected seminal works without reference to recent contributions of the symbolic interactionists in deviance and other areas is challenged
Candidates, Issues and Party in Newspaper Political Advertisements
Methodological and Operational Problems
Meanings” toward Death: A TST Strategy
This paper describes a new method for operationalizing attitudes toward death utilizing the Twenty Statements Test format and emphasizes the social and symbolic nature of these attitudes. A theoretical rationale and empirical data are presented. Responses to the “What is Death?” question were obtained from seventy-nine nurses. Seventeen categories were generated from a content analysis of these responses. Coding reliability checks produced substa…
Longitudinal Research and Marijuana Smoking a Successful Approach
This paper reports on specific methods that were used in a longitudinal study in which 94% of the subjects cooperated at the time or at recontact after a two‐year interval. The probable factors responsible for this success are described, including details regarding the preparation prior to the study, approaching the subject, establishing rapport at initial contact, and the maintenance of rapport throughout the study. It is hoped this description …
SI and Emergent Theory: A Reexamination
Observations on the Role-Specific and Orientational Other
The Reference Other Orientation: An Extension of the Reference Group Concept
First introduced to literature in 1942 by Herbert Hyman in his famous study The Psychology of Status, the group concept has enjoyed extreme popularity and has been employed in a great number of sociological writings, though unevenly and not without criticism of its applicability to many solutions.This new work on theory carries Hyman s work forward and provides first synthesis of group literature. It may be definitive work on subject.To facilitat…
The Preindustrial Family in America: A Further Examination of Early Magazines
This research parallels a previous investigation of the authors of pre-industrial American family pattern during the 1741-91 period. The present investigation involves a content analysis of colonial magazines for 1794-1825. Special attention is given to power patterns, types of attitudes between the sexes, actions toward premarital and extramarital sex involvement, and motivations for entering the marital relationship. The results concerning over…
Marijuana Use in a Small College: A Midwest Example
The use of marijuana is a topic of much interest today not only among law enforcement and health officials, but among lay citizens as well. Parents are especially concerned over the alleged increase in the popularity of marijuana use among young people of college age and younger. Not uncommonly the subject is treated in an alarmist fashion by popular magazines proclaiming, for example, that the problem “has now spread far beyond its base in the h…
A Descriptive Study of Internalized Audiences
The importance of these internalized audiences, which form the foundation for group theory, has been stressed by various scholars. Shibutani (1961:257), who has noted their theoretical rele vance, emphasizes that it is critical for the scientist to determine the nature of these audiences as well as the types of expectations they impute upon ego. Hughes (1962:126) has indicated that it is of practical importance for modern man to intelligently det…
A Naturalistic Study of Interaction and Frame: "The Pet as "Family Member
In this article the authors examine the apparently contradictory concepts of "pet" and "family member" in an attempt to understand how these become translated into a consistent, sensible meaning Employing concepts from frame analysis, they illustrate how the meaning of pets is built up and maintained by framing and keying Although ostensibly about family pets, the analysis is also significant because it provides one model for applying frame analy…
Immortalizing the Self Through Sport
The processes through which Americans seek to leave their mark through achievements in sport are explored. The postself is conceptualized as an idealized role-identity that links the present to the future and to the past. Various media forms indicate that athletes and their others frequently become concerned about how they will look to future audiences. The characteristics of the social world of sport that foster concerns about immortality as wel…
Pre-Industrial Patterns in the Colonial Family in America: A Content Analysis of Colonial Magazines
Cartter, Allan M. 1966 An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Education. Cole, Stephen and Jonathan R. Cole. 1967 Scientific output and recognition: a study in the operation of the reward system in science. American Sociological Review 32 (June). Crane, Diana. 1965 Scientists at major and minor universities: a study of productivity and recognition. American Sociological Review 30 (October):710. Kessl…
The Reference Other Orientation: An Extension of the Reference Group Concept
First introduced to literature in 1942 by Herbert Hyman in his famous study The Psychology of Status, the group concept has enjoyed extreme popularity and has been employed in a great number of sociological writings, though unevenly and not without criticism of its applicability to many solutions.This new work on theory carries Hyman s work forward and provides first synthesis of group literature. It may be definitive work on subject.To facilitat…
Candidates, Issues and Party in Newspaper Political Advertisements
SI and Emergent Theory: A Reexamination
The Preindustrial Family in America: A Further Examination of Early Magazines
This research parallels a previous investigation of the authors of pre-industrial American family pattern during the 1741-91 period. The present investigation involves a content analysis of colonial magazines for 1794-1825. Special attention is given to power patterns, types of attitudes between the sexes, actions toward premarital and extramarital sex involvement, and motivations for entering the marital relationship. The results concerning over…
Sport-Identity as Side Bet - Towards Explaining Commitment from an Interactionist Perspective
The symbolic interactionist perspective is used to demonstrate that the substantive area of sport can be conceptually elevated to a more formal level. Becker's formulation of identity as a commitment mechanism is: ( I ) conceptually extended to include more active, diverse, and complex lines of activity, and (2) applied to sport behavior. Sport commitment appears to be an effective tool for the recasting of sport. Directives for future investigat…
Negative and Positive Keying in Natural Contexts: Preserving the Transformation Concept from Death through Conaflation
Frame analysis has been severely criticized for its reliance on fictive and newspaper domains and its static portrayal of social behavior. Published and refereed studies, many of the participant observer vintage, are examined to investigate these charges. Conclusions include: (1) transformations are significant occurrences in Americans'daily lives, (2) societal definitions cannot be validly depicted apart from the emergent aspects of personal and…
Strikes, Frames, And Touchdowns: The Institutional Struggle For Meaning In The 1987 National Football League Season
The introduction of 'replacement' teams for the first time in the NFL provided an opportunity to investigate how controversial social definitions and the meaning of such frames emerge within a modern social world. Seven processes were identified: disrupting social worlds, experiencing social ambiguity, interpreting disruption institutionally, socially constructing laminations, disattending problematics of laminations, culturally adapting to anoma…
Major Role Change and Self Change
VAMOUs writers have approached the socialization process from the point of view of the self, or the self-concept. The typical position is that essentially, the self is a complex of reflexive attitudes that arise in the process of socialization. x The individual develops a set of attitudes, feelings, perceptions, and evaluations of himself as an object.2 To many writers, the concept of the self seems to refer primarily to the conscious system of a…
A Note on the Value of the Stimulus in Experimental Situations
Applied Homans: Rank, Interaction, and Conformity in an Informal Group
A Descriptive Study of Internalized Audiences
The importance of these internalized audiences, which form the foundation for group theory, has been stressed by various scholars. Shibutani (1961:257), who has noted their theoretical rele vance, emphasizes that it is critical for the scientist to determine the nature of these audiences as well as the types of expectations they impute upon ego. Hughes (1962:126) has indicated that it is of practical importance for modern man to intelligently det…
Pre-Industrial Patterns in the Colonial Family in America: A Content Analysis of Colonial Magazines
Cartter, Allan M. 1966 An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Education. Cole, Stephen and Jonathan R. Cole. 1967 Scientific output and recognition: a study in the operation of the reward system in science. American Sociological Review 32 (June). Crane, Diana. 1965 Scientists at major and minor universities: a study of productivity and recognition. American Sociological Review 30 (October):710. Kessl…
Marijuana Use in a Small College: A Midwest Example
The use of marijuana is a topic of much interest today not only among law enforcement and health officials, but among lay citizens as well. Parents are especially concerned over the alleged increase in the popularity of marijuana use among young people of college age and younger. Not uncommonly the subject is treated in an alarmist fashion by popular magazines proclaiming, for example, that the problem “has now spread far beyond its base in the h…
Observations on the Role-Specific and Orientational Other
The Reference Other Orientation: An Extension of the Reference Group Concept
First introduced to literature in 1942 by Herbert Hyman in his famous study The Psychology of Status, the group concept has enjoyed extreme popularity and has been employed in a great number of sociological writings, though unevenly and not without criticism of its applicability to many solutions.This new work on theory carries Hyman s work forward and provides first synthesis of group literature. It may be definitive work on subject.To facilitat…
The Preindustrial Family in America: A Further Examination of Early Magazines
This research parallels a previous investigation of the authors of pre-industrial American family pattern during the 1741-91 period. The present investigation involves a content analysis of colonial magazines for 1794-1825. Special attention is given to power patterns, types of attitudes between the sexes, actions toward premarital and extramarital sex involvement, and motivations for entering the marital relationship. The results concerning over…
Meanings” toward Death: A TST Strategy
This paper describes a new method for operationalizing attitudes toward death utilizing the Twenty Statements Test format and emphasizes the social and symbolic nature of these attitudes. A theoretical rationale and empirical data are presented. Responses to the “What is Death?” question were obtained from seventy-nine nurses. Seventeen categories were generated from a content analysis of these responses. Coding reliability checks produced substa…
Longitudinal Research and Marijuana Smoking a Successful Approach
This paper reports on specific methods that were used in a longitudinal study in which 94% of the subjects cooperated at the time or at recontact after a two‐year interval. The probable factors responsible for this success are described, including details regarding the preparation prior to the study, approaching the subject, establishing rapport at initial contact, and the maintenance of rapport throughout the study. It is hoped this description …
SI and Emergent Theory: A Reexamination
The Interactionist Perspective Some Things Hagan Didn't Tell Us
This paper is concerned with the implications of Hagan's negative assessment of the contributions of symbolic interactionism to the study of deviance. The logic of evaluating selected seminal works without reference to recent contributions of the symbolic interactionists in deviance and other areas is challenged
Candidates, Issues and Party in Newspaper Political Advertisements
Methodological and Operational Problems
"Woman" as Symbol and Social Welfare: An Interactionist Perspective
Symbolic interactionism is used to examine the variable and complex definitions now linked to the symbol "woman" in contemporary society. The implications of symbolic interactionism and the view of "woman" as symbol for social welfare are discussed in terms of knowledge, morality, and implementation
A Naturalistic Study of Interaction and Frame: "The Pet as "Family Member
In this article the authors examine the apparently contradictory concepts of "pet" and "family member" in an attempt to understand how these become translated into a consistent, sensible meaning Employing concepts from frame analysis, they illustrate how the meaning of pets is built up and maintained by framing and keying Although ostensibly about family pets, the analysis is also significant because it provides one model for applying frame analy…
Symbolic Immortality in Ordinary Contexts: Impediments to the Nuclear Era
Lifton's writings indicate that the fear of nuclear holocaust has severely impaired and threatens to negate the traditional modes of symbolic immortality in America. Lifton's research, however, has been limited to extreme contexts, i.e., situations involving people who have actually experienced the modern weaponry of the nuclear era. Data were triangulated in four distinctive American contexts that appeared to be representative with regard to the…
Social Value of the Age of the Dying Patient: Systematization, Validation, and Direction
This research focuses on the influence of nurses' perceptions of the social value of the age of the dying patient on loss and voluntary interaction. Results that were generated inductively in classic studies of social value are more rigorously investigated through a standardized research design. Extraneous variables are controlled through hospital selection and measurement strategies. An inverse relationship between the age of the dying patient a…
Negative and Positive Keying in Natural Contexts: Preserving the Transformation Concept from Death through Conaflation
Frame analysis has been severely criticized for its reliance on fictive and newspaper domains and its static portrayal of social behavior. Published and refereed studies, many of the participant observer vintage, are examined to investigate these charges. Conclusions include: (1) transformations are significant occurrences in Americans'daily lives, (2) societal definitions cannot be validly depicted apart from the emergent aspects of personal and…
The Seven-Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week
Immortalizing the Self Through Sport
The processes through which Americans seek to leave their mark through achievements in sport are explored. The postself is conceptualized as an idealized role-identity that links the present to the future and to the past. Various media forms indicate that athletes and their others frequently become concerned about how they will look to future audiences. The characteristics of the social world of sport that foster concerns about immortality as wel…
Sport-Identity as Side Bet - Towards Explaining Commitment from an Interactionist Perspective
The symbolic interactionist perspective is used to demonstrate that the substantive area of sport can be conceptually elevated to a more formal level. Becker's formulation of identity as a commitment mechanism is: ( I ) conceptually extended to include more active, diverse, and complex lines of activity, and (2) applied to sport behavior. Sport commitment appears to be an effective tool for the recasting of sport. Directives for future investigat…
Bitburg and Beyond: Encounters in American, German and Jewish History
Constructing Aids Policy in the Public Schools: A Multimethod Case Study
A male hemophiliac, who had contracted AIDS through a contaminated blood product, enrolled as a senior student in an Illinois public high school. The disruptive reactions that had emerged in similar situations were averted. The 13 processes that were primarily responsible for the successful integration of the student into the school system are delineated, illustrated, documented, and interpreted. Four methods-inside participant observation, analy…
Sociology (22 works) · Psychology (21 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Epistemology (11 works) · Philosophy (9 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Social science (8 works) · Philosophy (7 works) · Political science (7 works)