Mark J Brandt
Biographic Data
| ID | 164994 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mark J Brandt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mark J |
| FAMILY NAME | Brandt |
| SIGNATURE | BRANDT M J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Tilburg University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7185-7031 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 98 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 721 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 97 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Are regret and disappointment differentially associated with norm compliant and norm deviant failures
People compare actual decision outcomes with what might, could, or should have been, and they experience negative emotions when the foregone outcomes are better. We hypothesised that the normativity of a decision, whether it is norm-compliant or norm-deviant, also shapes emotional experiences to the outcomes. We expected that norm-deviant decisions would result in more regret than disappointment, because there would be more blame associated with …
Intraindividual Changes in Political Identity Strength (But Not Direction) Are Associated With Political Animosity in the United States and the Netherlands
We test if within-person changes in political identities are associated with within-person changes in political animosity in two longitudinal studies (United States N = 552, Waves = 26; Netherlands N = 1,670, Waves = 12). Typical studies examine cross-sectional associations without assessing within-person change. Our work provides a stronger test of the relationship. We find that within-person changes in the strength of people’s ideological and p…
The Onset of the Covid-19 Pandemic Made People Feel Threatened, but Had a Limited Impact on Political Attitudes in the United States
We investigated if the COVID-19 pandemic’s onset caused changes in political attitudes. Influential theories predict that the pandemic’s onset will cause people to adopt more conservative attitudes, more culturally conservative attitudes, or more extreme attitudes. We comprehensively tested the external validity of these predictions by estimating the causal effect of the pandemic’s onset on 84 political attitudes and eight perceived threats using…
Affective Polarization and Political Belief Systems: The Role of Political Identity and the Content and Structure of Political Beliefs
We investigate the extent that political identity, political belief content (i.e., attitude stances), and political belief system structure (i.e., relations among attitudes) differences are associated with affective polarization (i.e., viewing ingroup partisans positively and outgroup partisans negatively) in two multinational, cross-sectional studies (Study 1 N = 4,152, Study 2 N = 29,994). First, we found a large, positive association between p…
Testing Theories of Threat, Individual Difference, and Ideology: Little Evidence of Personality-Based Individual Differences in Ideological Responses to Threat
Recent attempts to establish the veracity of the conservative shift hypothesis have failed to find supportive evidence. Instead, this work yields inconsistent results and reveals considerable individual differences in ideological responses to ecological threats. In two studies, we build upon this work in two ways. First, we test the conservative shift hypothesis across five ecological threats: unemployment, immigration, racial diversity, COVID-19…
The nature and structure of European belief systems: Exploring the varieties of belief systems across 23 European countries
We investigate the structure of political belief systems across Europe to investigate what belief systems in European societies, and those who hold them, have in common. In doing so, we answer three questions: First, are political belief system structures similar across Europe? Second, which demographic groups are likely to have similar belief systems within countries? Third, how are belief systems related to voting behaviour? Results from Correl…
How Alike Are Universal Values, Moral Foundations, Cultural Theory, and Cultural Cognition Theory? A Comparison of Theories, Concepts, and Measures
Objectives We assess similarities and differences of research programs on universal values (UVs), moral foundations (MFs), cultural theory (CT), and cultural cognition theory (CCT). The first two have not been compared to the last two. We expected items reflecting hierarchical values including order to dominate item overlaps, followed by items reflecting egalitarian values including equality, with CT and CCT items overlapping most. Methods Item‐l…
Person‐specific priorities in solitude
OBJECTIVE: People value solitude in varying degrees. Theories and studies suggest that people's appreciation of solitude varies considerably across persons (e.g., an introverted person may value solitude more than an extraverted person), and solitude experiences (i.e., on average, people may value some functions of solitude, e.g., privacy, more than other functions, e.g., self-discovery). What are the unique contributions of these two sources? ME…
Building community and advancing transparency in Political Psychology's next chapter
Differences in information acquisition and justice sensitivity predict adoption of apps affecting own and others' privacy
Many apps (e.g., social media, online streaming) include a social component where individual privacy decisions go beyond individual contexts and affect other people. We investigated people's willingness to adopt four apps and assessed the attentional processes underlying how people make tradeoffs when their own privacy and/or others' privacy is violated in a within-subjects design ( N Study1 = 304; N Study2 = 355). We also assessed individual dif…
Finding (dis‐)advantaged system justifiers: A bottom‐up approach to explore system justification theory
System Justification Theory (SJT) postulates that individuals are motivated to justify the status quo, including the paradoxical prediction that those who are disadvantaged (e.g., lower social status) by the prevailing system will justify the system more than those who are advantaged by the prevailing system. We test if this assumption holds in an entire sample, or only among subsets of a sample using a bottom‐up approach, Correlational Class Ana…
When the specter of the past haunts current groups: Psychological antecedents of historical blame
Groups have committed historical wrongs (e.g., genocide, slavery). We investigated why people blame current groups who were not involved in the original historical wrong for the actions of their predecessors who committed these wrongs and are no longer alive. Current models of individual and group blame overlook the dimension of time and therefore have difficulty explaining this phenomenon using their existing criteria like causality, intentional…
Ideology Strength Versus Party Identity Strength: Ideology Strength Is the Key Predictor of Attitude Stability
We investigate the relationship between attitude instability and both party identity strength and ideology strength. We test the explorative hypotheses that higher party identity strength (H1) and ideology strength (H2) predict more attitude stability using intensive longitudinal data collected in the United States every 2 weeks over 1 year (Study 1, N = 552) and in the Netherlands over 6 months (Study 2, N = 1,670). We found mixed support for H1…
Generalized Prejudice: Lessons about social power, ideological conflict, and levels of abstraction
Prejudices tend to come as a package deal; people who are more racist tend to also be more sexist, and so on. Documentations of such attitudinal patterns - generalised prejudice - have a rich history, but the theoretical understanding thereof has been lagging. In recent years, we have seen clear theoretical advancement in the understanding of this phenomenon. We discuss classic premises in this research along with newer research that challenges s…
Inter‐attitude centrality does not appear to reduce persuasion for political attitudes
Are attitudes more resistant to change when they are more central to a belief system? Theories of inter‐attitude structure and belief system dynamics both suggest that the answer is yes. We demonstrate how to combine belief system network methods with pretest‐posttest experiments to empirically test this idea. We aimed to persuade US conservatives (Experiment 1 N = 890) and US liberals (Experiment 2 N = 1305, Experiment 3 N = 1293) using moral re…
Moral Molecules: Morality as a Combinatorial System
What is morality? How many moral values are there? And what are they? According to the theory of morality-as-cooperation, morality is a collection of biological and cultural solutions to the problems of cooperation recurrent in human social life. This theory predicts that there will be as many different types of morality as there are different types of cooperation. Previous research, drawing on evolutionary game theory, has identified at least se…
Leftists Possess More National Consensus in Europe in One of Two Data Sets
A regularity in the U.S. American politics is that liberals have more policy consensus than do conservatives, and both ideological groups have more consensus than moderates. One explanation for this is that conservatives’ local conformity paradoxically results in less consensus than liberals at the national level. If so, then the liberal consensus effect should also be observed in other countries. We test this using data from Europe. In the Europ…
Not every dissatisfaction is the same: The impact of electoral regret, disappointment, and anger on subsequent electoral behavior
We investigate varieties of dissatisfaction by examining how the similar, yet distinct emotions of regret, disappointment, and anger are related to electoral behavior. In a 2-wave longitudinal study conducted around the UK General Election of 2017 (N1 = 817, N2 = 768), we measured these emotions in response to 3 levels of electoral decision-making (individual party preference, individual electoral participation, and election results) and tested t…
Minority Politics Online Seminar Series
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The economic crisis during the Covid-19 pandemic has a negative effect on tax compliance: Results from a scenario study in Austria
Moral relevance varies due to inter‐individual and intra‐individual differences across big data technology domains
Theories of moralization argue that moral relevance varies due to inter‐individual differences, domain differences, or a mix of both. Predictors associated with these sources of variation have been studied in isolation to assess their unique contribution to moralization. Across three studies ( N Study1 = 376; N Study2a = 621; N Study2b = 589), assessing attitudes towards new big data technologies, we found that moralization is best explained by t…
Belief system networks can be used to predict where to expect dynamic constraint
We test if a change in an attitude affects other related attitudes (i.e., dynamic constraint), a core prediction of belief systems theory. We use psychological network methods to represent the belief system and make preregistered predictions about which attitudes should change and to what extent. We collected data in two longitudinal experiments (N = 3004; N = 2999) and three pilot studies (combined N = 2788) from community samples of US American…
Measuring the belief system of a person
983), I show that conceptual similarity judgments are affected by partisan frames and that changes in conceptual similarity judgments are associated with attitude change as predicted by computational models of belief system dynamics. Conceptual similarity judgments can be used with a variety of attitudes and identities in easy to administer studies. It provides a tool to fill an empirical gap identified by theories of belief system dynamics. (Psy…
Between-person methods provide limited insight about within-person belief systems
Belief systems are individual-level phenomena that describe the interrelationships of the political attitudes of a person. However, the modal study of the structure of political ideologies and beliefs uses cross-sectional survey data to estimate what is central to the belief system or the dimensionality of the belief system, aggregating across many people. Cross-sectional data, however, are ill-suited to the task of studying individual-level phen…
Intellectually Humble, but Prejudiced People. A Paradox of Intellectual Virtue
Intellectual humility has attracted attention in both philosophy and psychology. Philosophers have clarified the nature of intellectual humility as an epistemic virtue; and psychologists have developed scales for measuring people’s intellectual humility. Much less attention has been paid to the potential effects of intellectual humility on people’s negative attitudes and to its relationship with prejudice-based epistemic vices. Here we fill these…
Investigating Variation in Replicability: A “Many Labs” Replication Project
Although replication is a central tenet of science, direct replications are rare in psychology. This research tested variation in the replicability of 13 classic and contemporary effects across 36 independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. In the aggregate, 10 effects replicated consistently. One effect – imagined contact reducing prejudice – showed weak support for replicability. And two effects – flag priming influencing conservatism and …
The Replication Recipe: What makes for a convincing replication
Psychological scientists have recently started to reconsider the importance of close replications in building a cumulative knowledge base; however, there is no consensus about what constitutes a convincing close replication study. To facilitate convincing close replication attempts we have developed a Replication Recipe, outlining standard criteria for a convincing close replication. Our Replication Recipe can be used by researchers, teachers, an…
Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance ( p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of …
Do the disadvantaged legitimize the social system? A large-scale test of the status–legitimacy hypothesis
System justification theory (SJT) posits that members of low-status groups are more likely to see their social systems as legitimate than members of high-status groups because members of low-status groups experience a sense of dissonance between system motivations and self/group motivations (Jost, Pelham, Sheldon, & Sullivan, 2003). The author examined the status-legitimacy hypothesis using data from 3 representative sets of data from the United …
Changes in Income Predict Change in Social Trust: A Longitudinal Analysis
Social trust is a psychological variable important to politics, the community, and health. Theorists have predicted that socioeconomic status determines social trust, but also that social trust determines socioeconomic status. The current study tested the viability of both causal directions using longitudinal data from representative samples of the United States and the United Kingdom. Results demonstrated that a model where increases in socioeco…
To Love or Hate Thy Neighbor: The Role of Authoritarianism and Traditionalism in Explaining the Link Between Fundamentalism and Racial Prejudice
Fundamentalism is consistently related to racial prejudice (Hall, Matz, & Wood, 2010), yet the mechanisms for this relationship are unclear. We identify two core values of fundamentalism, authoritarianism and traditionalism, that independently contribute to the fundamentalism‐racial prejudice relationship. We also contextualize the fundamentalism‐racial prejudice relationship by suggesting that fundamentalists may show prejudice based on concepti…
Evaluating Belief System Networks as a Theory of Political Belief System Dynamics
A theory of political belief system dynamics should incorporate causal connections between elements of the belief system and the possibility that belief systems are influenced by exogenous factors. These necessary components can be satisfied by conceptualizing an individual's belief system as a network of causally connected attitudes and identities which, via the interactions between the elements and the push of exogenous influences, produces the…
Tax compliance inventory TAX-I: Designing an inventory for surveys of tax compliance
Trust and power as determinants of tax compliance across 44 nations
Powerful authorities and trusting citizens: The Slippery Slope Framework and tax compliance in Italy
Commentaries and Rejoinder on
While direct replications such as the “Many Labs” project are extremely valuable in testing the reliability of published findings across laboratories, they reflect the common reliance in psychology on single vignettes or stimuli, which limits the scope of the conclusions that can be reached. New experimental tools and statistical techniques make it easier to routinely sample stimuli, and to appropriately treat them as random factors. We encourage…
Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries
The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries ( N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status a…
People both high and low on religious fundamentalism are prejudiced toward dissimilar groups
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 112(1) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2016-61714-004). In the article, the sample size of N = 5,806 in the abstract is incorrect. The correct sample size is N = 6,047.] Research linking religion to prejudice suggests that highly religious individuals, and religious fundamentalists specifically, may be especially susceptible to expressing prejudice tow…
Sequences of audits, tax compliance, and taxpaying strategies
The influence of target group status on the perception of the offensiveness of group-based slurs
Blame It on Hip-Hop: Anti-Rap Attitudes as a Proxy for Prejudice
This research investigated the stereotypes associated with rap music and hip-hop culture, and how those stereotypes may influence anti-Black attitudes and justifications for discrimination. In three studies—using a representative sample from America, as well as samples from two different countries—we found that negative stereotypes about rap are pervasive and have powerful consequences. In all three samples, negative attitudes toward rap were ass…
Right-wing authoritarianism predicts prejudice equally toward “gay men and lesbians” and “homosexuals
Two recent experiments found evidence for what we term the social category label (SCL) effect-that the relationship between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and prejudice against gay men and lesbians can be reduced or even eliminated when the target group is labeled "gay men and lesbians" rather than "homosexuals" (Rios, 2013). Although this appears a promising approach to reduce self-reported sexual prejudice, with both theoretical implications…
Bounded openness: The effect of openness to experience on intolerance is moderated by target group conventionality
Openness to experience is consistently associated with tolerance. We suggest that tests of the association between openness to experience and tolerance have heretofore been incomplete because they have primarily focused on prejudice toward unconventional target groups. We test (a) the individual difference perspective, which predicts that because people who are high in openness are more open to diverse and dissimilar people and ideas, they will e…
Psychological Defensiveness as a Mechanism Explaining the Relationship Between Low Socioeconomic Status and Religiosity
People who are low in socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to be religious than their higher status counterparts; however, little research has tested the mechanisms for this relationship. Using data from 90 diverse societies and multilevel path analysis, we replicated findings that individuals low in SES are more religious and furthermore found that in wealthy countries this relationship was mediated by a measure of psychological defensiven…
Between-person methods provide limited insight about within-person belief systems
Belief systems are individual-level phenomena that describe the interrelationships of the political attitudes of a person. However, the modal study of the structure of political ideologies and beliefs uses cross-sectional survey data to estimate what is central to the belief system or the dimensionality of the belief system, aggregating across many people. Cross-sectional data, however, are ill-suited to the task of studying individual-level phen…
Framing of information on the use of public finances, regulatory fit of recipients and tax compliance
Social and economic ideologies differentially predict prejudice across the political spectrum, but social issues are most divisive
Liberals and conservatives both express prejudice toward ideologically dissimilar others (Brandt et al., 2014). Previous work on ideological prejudice did not take advantage of evidence showing that ideology is multidimensional, with social and economic ideologies representing related but separable belief systems. In 5 studies (total N = 4912), we test 3 competing hypotheses of a multidimensional account of ideological prejudice. The dimension-sp…
The slippery slope framework on tax compliance: An attempt to formalization
Belief system networks can be used to predict where to expect dynamic constraint
We test if a change in an attitude affects other related attitudes (i.e., dynamic constraint), a core prediction of belief systems theory. We use psychological network methods to represent the belief system and make preregistered predictions about which attitudes should change and to what extent. We collected data in two longitudinal experiments (N = 3004; N = 2999) and three pilot studies (combined N = 2788) from community samples of US American…
Moralization and the 2012 U.S. presidential election campaign
People vary in the extent to which they imbue an attitude with moral conviction; however, little is known about what makes an issue transform from a relatively non-moral preference to a moral conviction. In the context of the 2012 U.S. presidential election, we test if affect and beliefs (thoughts about harms and benefits) are antecedents or consequences of participants’ moral conviction about their candidate preferences, or are some combination …
Job loss and mood
Diary reports on daily economic decisions of happy versus unhappy couples
Austrian children's economic socialization: Age differences
Spouses' influence strategies in purchase decisions as dependent on conflict type and relationship characteristics
Evolution of the human brain in the light of paleoneurology
Paleoneurology interprets natural or artificial endocasts. It is, therefore, the only method which is able to provide direct information on the ancestry of the human brain. Australopithecus, Homo habilis and Homo erectus are of outstanding importance concerning human evolution. This short review deals with some well-preserved endocasts of these forms. Possibilities and limitations of paleoneurology are discussed with respect to the taxonomic attr…
Social exchange in the labor market: Reciprocity and trust versus egoistic money maximization
Social representations of the euro in Austria
It's practical, but no more controllable”: Social representations of the electronic purse in Austria
Twenty-five years of the Journal of Economic Psychology (1981–2005): A report on the development of an interdisciplinary field of research
Shared subjective views, intent to cooperate and tax compliance: Similarities between Australian taxpayers and tax officers
Framing of information on the use of public finances, regulatory fit of recipients and tax compliance
Blame It on Hip-Hop: Anti-Rap Attitudes as a Proxy for Prejudice
This research investigated the stereotypes associated with rap music and hip-hop culture, and how those stereotypes may influence anti-Black attitudes and justifications for discrimination. In three studies—using a representative sample from America, as well as samples from two different countries—we found that negative stereotypes about rap are pervasive and have powerful consequences. In all three samples, negative attitudes toward rap were ass…
Sequences of audits, tax compliance, and taxpaying strategies
The Role of Prejudice and the Need for Closure in Religious Fundamentalism
Religious fundamentalism has been consistently linked to prejudice toward a variety of outgroups. This article proposes that this is partially the case because fundamentalist ideology provides a sense of consistency and closure. Outgroups that challenge the epistemic certainty that fundamentalism provides are rejected in an effort to protect this certainty. Results from two studies, including one using a nationally representative sample, found th…
The Journal of Economic Psychology enters its fourth decade
Tax compliance inventory TAX-I: Designing an inventory for surveys of tax compliance
Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies
Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexi…
What Attitudes are Moral Attitudes? The Case of Attitude Heritability
Variation in the extent an attitude is imbued with moral conviction is a strong predictor of a variety of consequential social judgments; however, the extant literature has not explained variation in moral conviction. The authors predict that some attitudes may be experienced as moral because they are heritable, promoting group survival and firmly rooting people in these attitudes. To test this hypothesis, the authors surveyed two community sampl…
Psychological Defensiveness as a Mechanism Explaining the Relationship Between Low Socioeconomic Status and Religiosity
People who are low in socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to be religious than their higher status counterparts; however, little research has tested the mechanisms for this relationship. Using data from 90 diverse societies and multilevel path analysis, we replicated findings that individuals low in SES are more religious and furthermore found that in wealthy countries this relationship was mediated by a measure of psychological defensiven…
The Functions of Symbolic Racism
Discrimination Across the Ideological Divide: The Role of Value Violations and Abstract Values in Discrimination by Liberals and Conservatives
Despite ample research linking conservatism to discrimination and liberalism to tolerance, both groups may discriminate. In two studies, we investigated whether conservatives and liberals support discrimination against value violators, and whether liberals’ and conservatives’ values distinctly affect discrimination. Results demonstrated that liberals and conservatives supported discrimination against ideologically dissimilar groups, an effect med…
Powerful authorities and trusting citizens: The Slippery Slope Framework and tax compliance in Italy
The Replication Recipe: What makes for a convincing replication
Psychological scientists have recently started to reconsider the importance of close replications in building a cumulative knowledge base; however, there is no consensus about what constitutes a convincing close replication study. To facilitate convincing close replication attempts we have developed a Replication Recipe, outlining standard criteria for a convincing close replication. Our Replication Recipe can be used by researchers, teachers, an…
Onset and Offset Deservingness: The Case of Home Foreclosures
An examination of the debate surrounding foreclosure assistance suggests that arguments vary in the extent that they suggest people facing foreclosure deserve assistance and whether the cause of the foreclosure is at the onset or offset of the foreclosure situation. Results from an experiment using a nationally representative sample suggest that people use the attributional evidence provided by onset‐ and offset‐deservingness scenarios to determi…
Do the disadvantaged legitimize the social system? A large-scale test of the status–legitimacy hypothesis
System justification theory (SJT) posits that members of low-status groups are more likely to see their social systems as legitimate than members of high-status groups because members of low-status groups experience a sense of dissonance between system motivations and self/group motivations (Jost, Pelham, Sheldon, & Sullivan, 2003). The author examined the status-legitimacy hypothesis using data from 3 representative sets of data from the United …
Psychology (90 works) · Social Psychology (83 works) · Political science (53 works) · Politics (45 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (45 works) · Social Psychology (40 works) · Law (37 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (33 works) · Economics (27 works) · Ideology (25 works)